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Anatomy And Physiology > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the 3 types of muscle tissue;

A
  • striated (skeletal)

-cardiac

-smooth

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2
Q

Describe skeletal muscle;

A

Moved muscles attached to bone, voluntary striated

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3
Q

Describe cardiac muscle;

A

Heart muscle, involuntary, strained , auto-rhythmically

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4
Q

Describe smooth muscle:

A

Non-striated , involuntary, elements of auto-rhythmicity

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5
Q

Outline 4 basic functions of muscle;

A
  • body movement
    -postural stability
    -storage and movement of substances
    -heat generation
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6
Q

Outline 4 properties of muscular tissue;

A

• excitability
•contractility
•extensibility
•elasticity

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7
Q

Outline the meaning of excitability in muscle tissue

A

Action potentials via innervation of muscle

Triggered by autorhymic nature of the heath and chemical stimuli via neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Outline the meaning of contractility in muscle tissue

A

Generation of force as an output from an action potential

Contraction generates tension as the muscle pulls on its attachment points

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9
Q

Outline the meaning of extensibility in muscle tissue

A

Stretch without being damaged, smooth muscle experiences this in the stomach as it fills

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10
Q

Outline the meaning of elasticity in muscle tissue

A

Ability to return to original shape and conformation following contraction of the muscle

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11
Q

What is the outer layer of the embryo called and what does it contain?

A

ECTODERM

epidemics of skin, germ cells, teeth and jaws

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12
Q

What is the middle layer of the embryo called and what does it contain?

A

MESODERM

contains, skeletal and muscular system, dermis of skin, adrenal cortex

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13
Q

What is the inner layer of the embryo called and what does it contain?

A

ENDODERM

epithelium lining, thyroid gland, endothelial lining

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14
Q

What type of cells are muscle fibres?

A

Multinucleated

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15
Q

What is the plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle called?

A

Sarcolemma

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16
Q

What type of tissue is held within the skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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17
Q

What is the layer covering the whole muscle in connective tissue knows as?

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

What are the bundle of fibres called within the connective tissue?

A

Fascicles

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19
Q

What is found within each fascicle (bundle of fibres) within the connective tissue?

A

Endomysium( layer covering the whole muscle)

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20
Q

Within the nerve and blood supply of each skeletal muscle tissue how many veins are found within the arteries?

A

1 or 2 veins accompany each nerve that penetrates muscle

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21
Q

Where is the blood supply from in the skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Blood supply via capillary network L, supply oxygen and nutrients - remove waste

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22
Q

Define hypertrophy?

A

Increase in fibre size, HGH, and testosterone promote muscle growth

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23
Q

Define atrophy?

A

Reduction in fibre size, disease, disuse and ageing

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24
Q

What is the sacrolemma?

A

Plasma membrane of the muscle cell

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25
Q

What are T-tubules?

A

Invagination (turning inside out) of the sarcolemma, involved in AP propagation

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26
Q

What is the sacroplasm?

A

Cytoplasm of the muscle fibre

27
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Contractile machinery of muscle,2mM in diameter, contain actin and myosin

28
Q

What is the sacroplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of ER, specialised for skeletal muscle in Ca2+ handling

29
Q

Name the components within the sacromere;

A

Z discs
A band
I band
H zone
M line

30
Q

What 3 protein components held within the sacromere?

A

Contractile proteins

Regulatory proteins

Structural proteins

31
Q

Why are contractile proteins important in the sarcomere and name examples?

A

Generate force during contraction
•actin
•myosin

32
Q

Why are regulatory proteins important in the sarcomere and name examples?

A

Help switch the contraction process on/off
• troponin
•tropomyosin

33
Q

Why are structural proteins important in the sarcomere and name examples?

A

Maintain the structural integrity of the sacromere
•z disc to M line

34
Q

What’s else is action potential known as

A

Electrical impulses

35
Q

Outline the journey of action potential

A

Travels along nerve axon

Ends at synaptic terminal

36
Q

Describe the synaptic terminal;

A

Releases neurotransmitter (ACh)

Into the synaptic cleft

37
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

A somatic motor neuron plus all the skeletal muscle fibres it stimulates

38
Q

What do the Ca2+ ions bind to in muscle contraction and what does this cause?

A

Bind to troponin

Weakening the troponin-tropomyosin complex and actin

39
Q

What happens the troponin when the troponin bond has been weakened?

A

Troponin molecule changes position, rolling the tropomyosin away from the active sites on actin

40
Q

What does the movement of rolling over for the troponin molecule mean in muscle contraction?

A

Allowing the troponin molecule to interact with the myosin heads

41
Q

What happens now that the active sites on the actin are bare?

A

The myosin heads binds to the forming cross-bridges

42
Q

What happens once the cross-bridges are formed?

A

The ATP present in myosin is used to cock (opposite direction from its resting state)

As ATP is used and ADP +Pi is released, “power stroke” occurs as the myosin moves towards the M line

43
Q

What happens when another ATP molecule attaches to a myosin head in muscle contraction?

A

Be cross-bridge between the active site of the actin molecule and myosin head is broken

44
Q

What results in the cross-bridge being broken for the original actin and myosin head?

A

This frees up the head, to create another bridge and complete the contraction

45
Q

Why does the myosin split ATP into ADP +Pi?

A

Uses the released energy to re-cock the myosin head (reaching forward)

46
Q

How long can the muscle contraction cycle be repeated?

A

Endlessly, as long as calcium ion concentration remain high and sufficient ATP is present

47
Q

Outline the 3 metabolic systems in muscle contraction;

A

1- phosphocreatine

2- glycogen

3-fatty acids
Glucose
Amino acids

48
Q

What occurs when the muscle is resting?

A

Fatty acids are catabolised ,

The ATP produced is used to build energy reserves of ATP,CP and glycogen

49
Q

What occurs when the muscle is at moderate activity?

A

Glucose and fatty acids are catabolised; the ATP produced is used to power contraction

50
Q

Outline what occurs at peak activity of the muscle?

A

Most ATP produced through glycolysis, with lactic acid as a by-product.

Mitochondrial activity provides 1/3 of the ATP consumed

51
Q

How is the smooth muscle of each organ different ?

A
  • physical dimensions
  • functions
  • responsible for different type of stimuli
  • characteristics of innervation
  • organisation into bundles or sheets
52
Q

What are two major types that smooth muscle can be?

A

1)multi-unit smooth muscle

2)unitary (single unit) smooth muscle

53
Q

What are 3 functions of smooth muscle?

A
  • vascular tone
  • pupil constriction/ dilation
  • peristalsis
54
Q

Outline the structures of smooth muscle;

A
  • single, centrally placed nucleus
  • spindle shape
  • not-striated
55
Q

Describe multi-unit smooth muscle;

A

Composed of separate smooth muscle fibres

Each fibre contracts independently

Controlled mainly by nerve signals

56
Q

What is unitary smooth muscle known as?

A

Syncytial smooth muscle

Visceral smooth muscle

57
Q

What is unitary smooth muscle?

A

Mass of hundreds of smooth muscle fibres that contract together as a single unit

Arranged in sheets or bundles

58
Q

Deceive the unitary smooth muscle;

A

Cell membranes joined by many gap junctions

Ions flow easily to one muscle to the next

Action potentials allow ions to flow allowing muscle fibres to contract together

59
Q

What three major types of cardiac muscle is the heart composed of?

A
  • atrial muscle
  • ventricular muscle
  • excitatory and conductive muscle fibres
60
Q

Describe cardiac muscle;

A

Fibres arranged in lattice work

Striated appearance

Myofibrils contain actin and myosin

Dark areas crossing cardiac muscle fibres = INTERCALATED DISCS

61
Q

What are the benefits of the cardiac muscle being interconnected?

A

Once one cell becomes excited, he action potential spreads rapidly to all of tbem

62
Q

Name the two syncytium the heart is composed of;

A

Atrial syncytium- two walls of the atria

Ventricular syncytium- two walls of the ventricles

63
Q

What do the two syncytiums allow?

A

Allow the Atria to contract a short time ahead of the ventricular contractions

Anatomy And Physiology (21 decks)

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