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Applied physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

maintenance of a constant and normal internal environment

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2
Q

Homeostatis principles

A

variables operate within a narrow range

balance between demands on body and body’s response

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3
Q

Dynamic constancy

A

MAP remains constant
due to baroreflex response/kidney function

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4
Q

Changes in body core temp during submaximal exercise

A

reaches a plateau
steady state = variable unchanging

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5
Q

Intracellular control systems

A

protein breakdown and synthesis
energy production
maintenance of stored nutrients

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6
Q

Organ systems

A

pulmonary and circulatory systems
replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

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7
Q

Biological control system definition

A

series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value

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8
Q

Sensor/receptor

A

detects changes in variable

data to control centre

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9
Q

Control centre

A

assess input and initiates response

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10
Q

Effector

A

changes internal environment back to normal

negative feedback –> homeostatis

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11
Q

Stimulus

A

change of internal conditions

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12
Q

Cell signaling definition

A

communication between cells using chemical messengers

coordinates cellular activities

important for maintaining homeostasis

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13
Q

5 cell signaling pathways in cells:

A
  1. intracrine signaling
  2. juxtracrine
  3. autocrine
  4. paracrine
  5. endocrine
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14
Q

Intracrine signalling

A

CM inside cell triggers response

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15
Q

Juxtracrine signaling

A

CM passed between 2 connected cells

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16
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

CM acts on that same cell

17
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

CM act on nearby cells

18
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

CM (hormones) released into blood (affects cells with specific receptor to the hormone)

19
Q

Negative feedback definition

A

response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostatsis

reduce effect
back to normal

20
Q

Example - control of CO2 conc in extraceullar fluid

A
  1. increase in extracellular CO2 triggers a receptor
  2. sends info to respiratory control centre
  3. respiratory muscle activated to increase breathing
  4. CO2 conc returns to normal
21
Q

Positive feedback definition

A

biological response increases the original stimulus

22
Q

Example - childbirth

A
  1. initiation of childbirth stimulates receptors in cervix and sends message to brain to release oxytocin from pituitary gland
  2. oxytocin promotes increased uterine contractions
23
Q

Gain (or sensitivity of the response) definition

A

degree to which control system maintains homeostasis

example - pulmonary and cardiovascular systems
= more capable of maintaining homeostasis

24
Q

Regulation of body temp

A

thermal receptors send message to brain

response by skin blood vessels and sweat glands regulates temp

25
Q

Exercise disrupts homeostatsis

A

changes in pH, PO2, PCO2 and temp in cells

inability to maintain steady state = fatigue/end exercise

26
Q

Set point

A

37 degree celsius

27
Q

Adaptation

A

change in structure and function of cell or organ system

= improved ability to maintain homeostasis

28
Q

Acclimation

A

adaptation to environ stresses (heat)

= improved function of existing homeostatic system

29
Q

Hormesis definition

A

process in which a low-to-moderate dose of potentially harmful stress resuslts in a beneficial adaptive response on the cell or organ system

30
Q

Exercise-induced hormesis

A

optimal training

31
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

acts to increase an effect
when a change occurs in a system, that change becomes amplified

example - menstrual cycle

32
Q

Feedforward loop

A

results in physiological responses in anticipation of a change in a variable

example - increase HR before race

33
Q

Submax exercise

A

exercise generate heat from working muscles
= increase body temp
detected by thermoreceptors
relayed to hypothalamus
increase vasodilation/sweating
negative feedback loop = limit increase
heat loss/gain = balanced = temp constant = steady state

34
Q

When does HR reach steady state at submax exercise?

A

5 mins

35
Q

Hormesis applied to exercise

A

training adaptations initiated
after exercise - cessation, recovery, repair = return to baseline/trigger adaptive mechanism

load/recovery period suboptimal = overtraining/undertraining

Applied physiology (24 decks)

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