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Applied physiology > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of cardiovascular system

A

transport O2 and nutriets to tissue
removal CO2 wastes from tissue
regulation of body temp

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2
Q

During exercise 2 major adjustments of blood flow

A

increased CO
redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to active muscles

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3
Q

Heart

A

creates pressure to pump blood

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4
Q

Arteries/arterioles

A

carry blood away from heart

distribution/resistance vessels

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

exchange O2, CO2 and nutrients with tissues

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6
Q

Veins/venules

A

carry blood towards the heart

capacitance

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7
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

right side
pump deoxygenated blood to lungs via pulmonary arteries
return oxygenated blood to left side via pulmonary vein

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8
Q

Systemic circuit

A

left side
pump oxygenated blood to muscle via arteries
return deoxygenated blood to right side via veins

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9
Q

Wall components

A

smooth muscle
collagen
elastin
endothelium

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10
Q

Smooth muscle

A

change resistance
redistribute blood flow

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11
Q

Endothelium

A

blood flow over trigger response to dilate = more blood flow

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12
Q

Plasma

A

liquid portion of blood
contains ions, proteins, hormones

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13
Q

Red blood cells

A

erythrocytes
contain haemoglobin

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14
Q

White blood cells

A

prevent infection

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15
Q

Platelets

A

blood clotting

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16
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of volume of red blood cells
42%

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17
Q

Blood flow gradient

A

high pressure to low pressure

pressure generated by heart

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18
Q

Which side of the heart has lower pressure?

A

right
due to lungs

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19
Q

Resistance to flow

A

through vessel, caused by friction between blood vessel in wall

main resistance provided by arteries/arterioles

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20
Q

Total peripheral resistance

A

sum of resistances to flow in all individual organs

MAP = CO x TPR

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21
Q

Darcy’s law

A

blood flow = change pressure / resistance

22
Q

Blood flow direction

A

directly proportional to pressure (p1-p2)

inversely proportional to resistance

23
Q

Pressure direction

A

proportional to difference between MAP and right arterial pressure

24
Q

Resistance depends on

A

length of vessel
viscosity of blood
radius of vessel

25
Q

Resistance equation

A

length x viscocity / radius4

26
Q

Poiseuille’s law

A

for a single vessel

resistance inversely proportional to radius4

27
Q

Sources of vascular resistance

A

MAP decreases throughout systemic circulation

largest BP drop occurs across arterioles

28
Q

Oxygen consumption equation

A

cardiac output x A-V oxygen difference

29
Q

Arteriovenous difference

A

amount O2 taken up from 100ml blood
increase during exercise due to increase O2 uptake in tissues
used for oxidative ATP production

30
Q

Fick equation

A

VO2 = Q (cardiac output) x a-vO2 difference

31
Q

Central command theory

A

initial signal to drive cardiovascular system form higher brain centres
due to centrally generated motor signals at onset of exercise

32
Q

Afferent feedback from

A

muscle mechanoreceptors
muscle chemoreceptors
baroreceptors

33
Q

Exercise pressor reflex

A

peripheral feedback to medulla oblongata to amend CV response to exercise

34
Q

Barorecptors

A

sensitive to changes in arterial blood pressure

35
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

muscle spindle/golgi tendon organ
sensitive to force and speed of muscular movement

36
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

sensitive to changes in chemical environ
metabolites (H+ ions, lactic acid, CO2, pH)

37
Q

Baroreflex

A

reset during exercise
curve shifted right

central command/exercise pressor reflex reset arterial baroreflex

38
Q

Dual control

A

redundancy

39
Q

Cardiac output direction

A

directly proportional to metabolic rate required to perform during exercise

40
Q

HR

A

number of beats per minute

41
Q

SV

A

amount of blood ejected in each beat

42
Q

End diastolic volume

A

volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (preload)
venous return
frank starling mechanism (stretch of ventricles)

43
Q

Average aortic blood pressure

A

pressure that heart must pump against to eject blood (afterload)
mean arterial pressure

44
Q

Contractility enhanced by

A

circulating epinephrine/nor
direct sympathetic stimulation of heart

45
Q

Double product

A

HR x systolic BP

46
Q

Effect of aerobic training on sarcomeres

A

eccentric hypertrophy

47
Q

Effect of resistance training on sarcomeres

A

concentric hypertrophy

48
Q

During exercise time spent in diastole and systole

A

decreased
greatest decrease in diastole

49
Q

Stroke volume during incremental exercise

A

increases to 40% VO2max

50
Q

Contraction of left ventricle

A

bundle branches depolarise
ventricle contracts
ventricular pressure increases
blood exits the ventricle

51
Q

How are electrical implulses conducted between heart muscle cells?

A

intercalated discs

Applied physiology (24 decks)

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