16- Role of the Liver in Homeostasis Flashcards
What do Kupfer cells release on activation
Cytokines, prostanoides, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species
What do Kupffer cells do in the liver
Involved in the livers response to infection, toxins, ischaemia, resection and other stresses
What are the two polarised phenotypes in kupffer cells
M1- pro inflammatory (increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines)
M2- resolution and wound healing (low expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines)
What does dysregulation of inflammatory responses indicate in the liver
Chronic inflammation of the liver (alcohol and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease)
What prevents the development of fatty liver
Ablation of KCs
Where are kuppffer cells located
in the periportal region of the liver acinus,
What do Periportal KCs have
higher lysosomal enzyme activities together with a greater phagocytic capacity than smaller KC from midzonal and perivenous regions
How is bile modified as it flows through bile duct
Modified by the addition of a watery, bicarbonate-rich secretion from ductal epithelial cells
Where does venous blood from the ileum go
goes straight into the portal vein, and hence through the sinusoids of the liver
What do hepatocytes do to sinusoidal blood
They extract bile acids which are them transported across the hepatocytes to be re-secreted into the canaliculi
How many times are bile salt molecules re-used
20 times often 2 or 3 times during a single digestive phase
What blood coagulants are synthesized in the liver
Vitamin K-dependant coagulation proteins, as well as factor V, XIII, anti-thrombin, alpha2-PQ and plasminogen
What triggers an increase in the synthesis of albumin
By a fall in plasma oncotic pressure
What are the causes of hypoalbuminaemia
Renal loss
gut loss
Sepsis and critical illness
Burns
Nutritional deificiency
Causes of hyperalbuminaemia
Dehydration
Metabolic syndrome
insulin resistance
