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Physical Science > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the organized study of the composition and interactions of matter?

A

chemistry

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2
Q

What is the foundation for the understanding of matter?

A

atomic theory of matter

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3
Q

Who proposed the atomic theory of matter?

A

John Dalton

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4
Q

What are tiny particles that compose all matter?

A

atom

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5
Q

What is a substance composed of a single type of atom?

A

element

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6
Q

What is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements bonded together?

A

compound

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7
Q

What is a substance that is composed of several substances that are physically mixed but not chemically united?

A

mixture

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8
Q

What is a unique abbreviation given to each element?

A

chemical symbol

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9
Q

What are the five areas of Dalton’s atomic theory?

A

(1) every element consists of tiny particles called atoms
(2) all atoms of a particular element have the same properties
(3) different elements have different properties because their atoms are different
(4) atoms of different elements can combine in specific ways to form compounds
(5) chemical processes are the result of the rearrangement, combination, or separation of atoms

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10
Q

What is any of the smaller particles of matter of which atoms are composed?

A

subatomic particles

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11
Q

What is the dense central core of an atom made of protons and neutrons?

A

nucleus

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12
Q

What is a subatomic particle that carries a positive electrical charge and determines the identity of an atom?

A

proton

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13
Q

What is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom?

A

atomic number

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14
Q

What is any of a group of atoms that are the same element but have different number of neutrons?

A

isotope

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15
Q

What is a subatomic particle that is electrically charged with no electrical charge?

A

neutron

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16
Q

What is any of the small particles that compose protons and neutrons?

A

quark

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16
Q

What are both neutrons and protons made of?

A

up quarks and down quarks

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17
Q

What do up quarks have a charge of?

A

+2/3

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18
Q

What do down quarks have a charge of?

A

-1/3

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19
Q

How many quarks are needed to make a proton or a neutron?

A

three

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20
Q

Have individual quarks even been observed?

A

no

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21
Q

What is a subatomic particle that is found outside the nucleus and carries a negative electrical charge equal in strength to a proton’s positive charge?

A

electron

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22
Q

What are any of the concentric layers surrounding the nucleus in which electrons can be found?

A

electron shell

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23
Q

What does an atoms usually have?

A

the same number of protons and electrons

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24
Q

What is an atom that has an electric charge because of losing or gaining electrons?

A

ion

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25
Q

What is a negative ion?

A

anion

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26
Q

What is a positive ion?

A

cation

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27
Q

What is a substance that consists of ions referred as?

A

ionic

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28
Q

What is the equation to determine the maximum number of electrons in each electron shell?

A

2n²

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29
Q

What is the total amount of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom or isotope?

A

mass number

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30
Q

What is a unit used to measure the masses of atoms; equal to exactly 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom?

A

atomic mass unit

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31
Q

What is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units approximately equal to?

A

the mass number

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32
Q

What is the average mass of all the natural isotopes of an element, calculated according to the isotopes’ relative abundances?

A

average atomic mass

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33
Q

What do chemists usually mean when they speak of the atomic mass of an element?

A

the average atomic mass

34
Q

What is the theory stating that tiny particles like electrons do not absorb or release energy in a smooth flow?

A

quantum theory

35
Q

What do electrons do when they gain or lose energy?

A

electrons change shells

36
Q

What is it called when an electron changes energy levels?

A

quantum jump

37
Q

What is the most familiar model of the atom, which pictures the nucleus surrounded by electrons that move in circular orbits at specific energy levels?

A

Bohr model

38
Q

What is an atomic model that describes electrons as waves around the nucleus?

A

wave-mechanical model

39
Q

What is the principle stating that it is impossible to measure both the position and velocity of an electron with certainty?

A

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

40
Q

What is a model of the atom that interprets the mathematical equations of the wave-mechanical model representing the probability of finding the electron at a given point?

A

electron-cloud model

41
Q

What is the region within an atom in which electrons move?

A

orbital

42
Q

What is a set of numbers that mathematically represents the overall motion of an electron?

A

quantum numbers

43
Q

What is the principle stating that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers?

A

Pauli exclusion principle

44
Q

What are particles or electromagnetic waves given off when an atomic nucleus breaks up or undergoes a change?

A

nuclear radiation

45
Q

What is any substance that is unstable (and thus likely to produce radiation)?

A

radioactive

46
Q

What is the breakup or change of an atomic nucleus from a higher-energy state to a lower-energy state emitting, radiation?

A

radioactive decay

47
Q

What is the length of time required for one-half of an original substance to decay into a new substance?

A

half-life

48
Q

What is the radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable atom ejects a clump of two protons and two neutrons?

A

alpha decay

49
Q

What is radioactive decay that occurs when a neutron in an atom’s nucleus changes into a proton, emitting an electron?

A

beta decay

50
Q

What is radioactive decay that occurs when an excited nucleus releases energy without a change in the number of protons or neutrons?

A

gamma decay

51
Q

What is nuclear radiation that can harm living things by disrupting the chemical processes within cells; including alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays?

A

ionizing radiation

52
Q

What are the four orbital shapes?

A

s, p, d, f (Some People Don’t Fish)

53
Q

What is the process whereby a heavy nucleus is split into several pieces by bombarding it with neutrons?

A

nuclear fission

54
Q

What is the situation in which free neutrons released by nuclear fission cause other atoms to undergo nuclear fission and release more neutrons?

A

chain reaction

55
Q

What is the minimum amount of fissionable material that must be present for a chain reaction to occur?

A

critical mass

56
Q

What is a device that works by initiating an uncontrolled nuclear fission chain reaction?

A

atomic bomb

57
Q

What is a device that harnesses controlled fission to produce useful energy?

A

nuclear reactor

58
Q

What is a nuclear reactor that recycles spent nuclear fuel to produce more than it uses?

A

breeder reactor

59
Q

Where did three of the best-known nuclear accidents occur?

A

Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania; the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine; and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan

60
Q

Are the rare nuclear accidents because of the dangers of nuclear fission?

A

no; it is because of human error

61
Q

What is the process of combining two nuclei to form a heavier nucleus and thereby releasing energy?

A

nuclear fusion

62
Q

What is a weapon that uses nuclear fusion to release a tremendous amount of energy?

A

hydrogen bomb

63
Q

What are any of the electrons in the outer (valence) shell of an atom?

A

valence electrons

64
Q

What is the rule stating that an atom tends to react in a way that fills its valence shell with eight electrons?

A

octet rule

65
Q

What is the law that states that elements show regular and repeating, or periodic, properties when they are arranged by their increasing atomic numbers?

A

periodic law

66
Q

What is a table of the elements arranged by atomic number and number of valence electrons?

A

periodic table of the elements

67
Q

What is a row of the periodic table?

A

period

68
Q

What is a column on the periodic table?

A

group

69
Q

What are any of the elements in groups 1, 2, and 13-18?

A

main-group elements

70
Q

In main group elements, what does the number of valence electrons equal to?

A

the ones place of the group number

71
Q

What are any of the group of elements that are typically hard, dense shiny solids; are good conductors of heat and electricity; and have high melting points?

A

metal

72
Q

What are any of the group of elements that are typically poor conductors of electricity and heat?

A

nonmental

73
Q

What are any of the solid elements that have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals?

A

semimetal

74
Q

What is any element in group 1?

A

alkali metal

75
Q

What is the third most abundant element in the human body?

A

hydrogen

76
Q

What element is not included in the alkali metals because it has very different properties?

A

hydrogen

77
Q

What is any element in group 2?

A

alkaline earth metal

78
Q

What is any element in group 3-12?

A

transition metal

79
Q

What are any of the metals that lie beneath the main body of the periodic table, between groups 3 and 4; the Lanthanoids and Actinoids?

A

inner transition metal

80
Q

What is a basic constituent of all living things and the second most abundant element in the human body?

A

carbon

81
Q

What is another basic constituent of all living things and the most abundant element in the human body?

A

oxygen

82
Q

What means “salt former” and is any element in group 17?

A

halogen

83
Q

What is any element in group 18?

A

noble gases

Physical Science (18 decks)

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