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Professional Communication - HLST 154 > Chapter 2- Self and perception > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Self and perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is the perception process?

A

Attending to or selecting, organising and interpreting information. Our different responses to stimuli depend on how we perceive them.

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2
Q

What is the first step in the perception process?

A

Selecting/Attending

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3
Q

What is the Selecting/Attending step?

A

Select info/stimuli from environment that you want to focus on

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4
Q

What are factors that influence Selecting/Attending?

A

Salience (Info that stands out bc of prominence e.g loudness)
Interest (personal motivations)
Expectations (Align with our preconceived notions)

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5
Q

What is the second step of the perception process?

A

Organising

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6
Q

What is organising?

A

Making sense of the selected information in our minds.

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7
Q

What are the methods of organisation?

A
  1. Proximity (group things physically close to each other)
  2. Similarity (similar things are mentally grouped)
  3. Patterns (Recognise patterns)
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8
Q

What is the final step of the perception process?

A

Interpreting

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9
Q

What is Interpreting?

A

Assigning meaning to our experiences

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10
Q

What is used to interpret new experiences?

A

Perceptual Schemata: Cognitive frameworks that allow individuals to organize perceptual data that they have selected from the environment

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11
Q

What factors influence interpretation?

A

Personal experience (past shaping present)
Expectations (anticipate effects)
Assumptions (Assume human behaviours)

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12
Q

What are cultural influences on perception?

A

Our cultural background shapes how we perceive the world

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13
Q

What are the two types of cultures that influence perception?

A
  1. High-context cultures
  2. Low-context cultures
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14
Q

What are high-context cultures?

A

People consider the larger context, relationships and nonverbal cues (subtleties). Make shared assumptions
e.g Japan

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15
Q

What are low-context cultures?

A

Information is conveyed directly, focuses on specific details and has explicit rules. Individual expression is emphasised.
e.g USA

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16
Q

What is Salience?

A

State or quality of an item being particularly noticeable or important

17
Q

What influences Salience?

A

Our needs, interest and expectations

18
Q

What plays a significant role in shaping our perceptions?

A

Physical charcteristics
Physiological influences
Cultural differences
Ethnocentrism
Social roles
Access to information

19
Q

What are some examples of physical characteristics that influence our perceptions?

A

Dress, grooming especially in professional settings

20
Q

What is stereotyping?

A

Categorising individuals according to a set of characteristics assumed to belong to all members of a group

21
Q

What are the three characteristics of stereotyping?

A
  1. You often categorize people on the basis of an easily recognized characteristic.
  2. You ascribe a set of characteristics to most or all members of a category.
  3. You apply the set of characteristics to every member of the group.
22
Q

What are common tendencies in perception?

A

Judge ourselves more charitably
Self-serving bias
Cling to first impressions
Halo effect
Assume others are similar to us
Influenced by the obvious

23
Q

What is self-serving bias?

A

The tendency to interpret and explain information in a way that casts the perceiver in the most favourable manner

24
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

The tendency to form an overall positive impression on the basis of one positive characteristic

25
Q

What are the three dimensions of self?

A

Social self
Spiritual self
Material self

26
Q

What is self-concept?

A

Relatively stable set of self-perceptions individuals hold about themselves
-Contain values and beliefs

27
Q

What are the dimensions of self-concept?

A

Self-knowledge- “Who am I”

Self-expectation- “Who or what do I want to be?”

Social self- How the individual is perceived by others

Self-evaluation- “How well do I like myself?”

28
Q

What are the components of Self-concept?

A

Identity
Body image
Self esteem
Role performance

29
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

Part of the self that evaluates our worth

30
Q

What does High/low self-esteem affect?

A

Communication

31
Q

What re some influences on self-esteem/concept?

A
  1. Biological strengths/weaknesses
  2. Family, friends and social environment
  3. Events (death, divorce, hospitalisation….)
    4.Gender
32
Q

How does gender influence self-concept/esteem?

A

Shapes how there communicate with us
have Different expectations and different acceptable behaviours

33
Q

What are some characteristics associated with low self-esteem?

A

-need positive external experiences to counteract negative internal experiences
-Negative outlook on life (hopeless, worthless)
- Unrealistic expectations
- Poor coping skills
-Stay in unhealthy relationships

34
Q

What are some characteristics associated with high self-esteem?

A

Positive outlook on life
Assertive in expressing opinions
Able to form secure relationships
Realistic expectations
Better coping skills

35
Q

What is self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when your expectation causes something to happen.

36
Q

What is self-disclosure?

A

Self-disclosure is the purposeful disclosure of personal information to another person.

37
Q

What is the social penetration theory?

A

Social penetration theory states that as we get to know someone, we engage in a reciprocal process of self disclosure that changes in depth and affects how a relationship develops.

38
Q

what is the social comparison theory?

A

Social comparison theory states that we evaluate ourselves based on how we compare with others.

39
Q

What is the Johari window?

A

Visually represents the aspects of self that are known to us versus those unknown. The model has four quadrants, and the first quadrant (lower left-hand corner) includes concepts like your name, hobbies, and other topics about yourself that you share with others.

Professional Communication - HLST 154 (4 decks)

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