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Geography > Weather Hazards > Flashcards

Weather Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

wwhat are the 3 cells in the global atmospheric circulation model?

A

hadley, ferrel, polar

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2
Q

what is pressure like in the polar cell?

A

high, so there is cold air

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3
Q

what is the sun’s distribution of heat like at the poles?

A

spread out

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4
Q

what is global circulation of heat caused by?

A

heating air at the Equator and cooling air at the poles

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5
Q

what is the sun’s distribution of heat like at the equator?

A

concentrated

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6
Q

what happens to air pressure when cold air sinks?

A

air pressure rises

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7
Q

where do downwards trade winds point in the northern hemisphere?

A

South West(so upwards point opposite)

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8
Q

where do downwards trade winds point in the southern hemisphere

A

south east

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9
Q

what is the coriolis effect?

A

the earths surface rotates faster at the equator than at the poles (because its wider), so as air moves from the equator it curves

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10
Q

where are tropical storms usually found?

A

between the tropics, so between 5° and 30° N and S of the equator

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11
Q

in the northern hemisphere, tropical storms spin…

A

anti-clockwise

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12
Q

in the southern hemisphere, tropical storms spin…

A

clockwise

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13
Q

what scale do we use to classify tropical storms?

A

Saffir-Simpson scale

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14
Q

what are stages 1 and 2 of forming a tropical storm?

A

the sun’s insolation warms the tropics to 27°

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15
Q

what is stage 3 and 4 of forming a tropical storm?

A

this warmth causes warm air to rise through thermals, which cools as it rises and condenses to form clouds and rain (low pressure)

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16
Q

what is stage 5 of forming a tropical storm?

A

this cool air sinks, to form the eye (dry air)

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17
Q

what is stage 6 of forming a tropical storm?

A

air rushes in from areas of high pressure outside of the storm, which lowers pressure at the centre of the storm and creates winds

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18
Q

what is stage 7 of forming a tropical storm?

A

the whole storm rotates because of the earth’s spin

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19
Q

what are features of a tropical storm?

A

waters of 27°, low wind shear, not on land or on the equator, cumulonimbus clouds form, a calm eye

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20
Q

what impact may climate change have on the distribution of tropical storms?

A

more tropical storms further from the equator, because the increase in temperature will increase temperatures of oceans

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21
Q

what impact may climate change have on the intensity of tropical storms?

A

more higher category storms, as there is more energy in the storm’s system to fuel it, due to the hotter sea temperatures

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22
Q

what impact may climate change have on the frequency of tropical storms?

A

stay the same, as wind shear can tear the storms apart, or increase as waters get hotter

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23
Q

which airport was damaged in typhoon haiyan?

A

Tacloban airport, so it was difficult for aid to get in

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24
Q

how many fishing boats were destroyed because of the typhoon?

A

30,000

25
Q

which diseases outbroke after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Typhoid and Tetnus

26
Q

what were some secondary effects of typhoon haiyan?

A

looting and violence, food shortages, power cut off

27
Q

how many people died in Typhoon Haiyan?

A

7,400

28
Q

what are some immediate responses from Typhoon Haiyan?

A

1,200 evacuation centres
UK government sent shelter kits
Philippines Red Cross delivered basic food aid

29
Q

what are some long term responses from Typhoon Haiyan?

A

the UN donated financial aid,
Oxfam supported re-establishing fishing boats,
cash for work programmes helped clean debris

30
Q

how can you monitor tropical storms?

A

satellites monitor cloud patterns associated with tropical storms

31
Q

what is an example of monitoring tropical storms?

A

NASA

32
Q

how can tropical storms be predicted?

A

supercomputers assess data to predict a location within 400km of the tropical storm

33
Q

what is an example of predicting tropical storms?

A

National Hurricane Centre (USA)

34
Q

how can protection decrease the effects of tropical storms?

A

reinforcing buildings, coastal flood defences, no build zones

35
Q

what is an example of protection from tropical storms in the USA?

A

FEMA where the USA advises home owners how to protect land

36
Q

how can planning reduce the risks of tropical storms?

A

disaster supply kits, evacuation plans

37
Q

what is an example of a planning scheme to reduce the risks of tropical storms?

A

American National Hurricane Preparedness week

38
Q

what is the definition of extreme weather?

A

weather significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern

39
Q

what is our case study for extreme UK weather?

A

Beast from the East, 2018

40
Q

how did the Beast from the East happen?

A

there was a change to the northern polar jet stream, which twisted and drew in cold air to the UK from the East

41
Q

what are some social effects of the Beast from the East?

A

hospitals in Glasgow cancelled outpatient appointments, a baby was born on the A66 because parents could not reach the hospital

42
Q

what is an economic effect of the Beast from the east?

A

insurance costs were above £10million and the weather cost the UK millions

43
Q

what are some management strategies of the Beast from the East?

A

the met office established a red warning, stranded drivers were given blankets, greggs delivery van gave out food, rail passengers discouraged from travelling

44
Q

air surface temperatures in the UK have risen by… in 100 years

A

1°

45
Q

the top ten warmest years for the UK…

A

since 1884 have occurred since 2002

46
Q

what is some evidence for climate change from the Quaternary period until today?

A

average global sea level has risen between 10 and 20cm in the past 100 years

47
Q

how do ice cores give evidence for climate change?

A

the carbon dioxide sequence in the cores give an idea of global temperatures

48
Q

how do orbital changes account for climate change?

A

the elliptical axis of the sun heats the earth as the earth’s tilt is towards the sun (closer to it)

49
Q

how does solar output affect climate change?

A

there can be fluctuations in radiation emitted from the sun, so when more is emitted, the earth’s temperature increases

50
Q

how does volcanic activity affect climate change?

A

volcanic ash blocks rays from the sun in the short term, so the Earth’s temperature decreases

51
Q

how does deforestation affect climate change?

A

less trees means less of a carbon sink, and slash and burn culture. both keep co2 or release it into the atmosphere

52
Q

how does agriculture affect climate change?

A

pesticides are produces with fossil fuels so co2 is released. when food is transported co2 is released. reaping lots of cows and dairy releases methane

53
Q

how do fossil fuels affect climate change?

A

burning fossil fuels like coal gas and oil release co2

54
Q

how does alternative energy production mitigate climate change?

A

changing to renewables decreases fossil fuels burning and co2 released

55
Q

how does carbon capture and storage mitigate climate change?

A

reduces co2 into the atmosphere

56
Q

what is an example of an international agreement which mitigates climate change?

A

Paris 2015 agreement agreed to limit global temperature rise by 1.5°

57
Q

how can changes in agriculture adapt to climate change?

A

drought resistant crops can be grown, usually milder countries (UK) can grow more exotic crops

58
Q

how can managing water supply adapt to climate change?

A

hotter temps mean less water, hosepipe bans, reservoirs conserve water

59
Q

how can reducing risk from rising sea levels adapt to climate change?

A

coastal retreat and sea walls prevent economic damage from rising sea levels

Geography (14 decks)

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