Attachment: Evaluation Flashcards

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1
Q

Caregiver -Infant Interactions AO3

A
  • problems testing infant behaviour as they are in cosntant motion
  • failure to replicate Meltzoff anf Moore eg Marian et al (live vs taped interactions)
    + intentionality supported - no response to inanimate object (Anravanel and DeYong)
  • individual differences - security of attachment associated with interactional synchrony (Isabella et al)
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2
Q

Development of Attachment AO3

A
  • unreliable data - mothers of less securely attached infants would be less sensitive and possibly less accurate in their reports, a systematic bias
  • biased sample - working class population from 1960s, results may not generalise
  • challenging monotropy - Rutter argued that all relationships equivalent
  • cultural variations - infants raised in collectivist environment showed less maternal attachment than in individualist/family based homes (Sagi et al)
  • stage theories of development - may be too inflexible
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3
Q

Lorenz AO3

A

+ research support - imprinting on yellow rubber gloves (Guiton et al)
- criticisms of imprinting - may not be irreversible and may be little more than just learning

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4
Q

Harlow AO3

A
  • confounding variable - wire mother faces different, varied systematically with independent variable
  • generalising to humans may not be justified but findings confirmed eg Schaffer and Emerson
  • ethics - benefits may outweigh costs, but doesn’t challenge findings
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5
Q

Learning Theory AO3

A
  • animal studies - lack external validity because simplified view of human attachment
  • attachment isn’t based on food - harlow showed it was contact comfort, supported by Schaffer and Emerson
    + learning theory can explain some aspects of attachment - attention and responsiveness are rewards
  • alternative explanation - bowlby
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6
Q

Bowlbys Theory AO3

A
  • attachment is adaptive - human infants form attachments when they start to be mobile
  • a sensitive period rather than critical (Rutter et al)
    + multiple attachments - bowlbys views aren’t contradictory because secondary attachments contribute to one single internal working model
    + continuity hypothesis - securely attached infents later classed as more empathetic and more popular
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7
Q

Strange Situation AO3

A
  • other types of attachment - disorganised (type D) (Main and Solomon)
    + high reliability - inter-observer reliability > .94
    + real world applications - Circle of Security Project
  • low internal validity - children behave differently depending on which parent (Main and Solomon) though attachment type may be related to primary attachment figure
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8
Q

Cultural Variations AO3

A
  • results relate to countries yet within countries there are cultural differences eg rural v urban Japanese
  • cross-cultural research - uses tools developed in one country in a different setting where it has a different meaning (imposed etic)
  • culture bias - Rothbaum argues that attachment theory generally has a western bias
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9
Q

Bowlby’s MDH AO3

A
  • emotional rather than physical separation is harmful
    + support for long term effects - women who experienced early separation more liekly to experience depression later in life
  • individual differences - some children more resilient eg securely attached children in TB hospital
  • deprivation v privation - loss of care may not have as serious consequences as total lack of attachment
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10
Q

Romanian Orphan Studies AO3

A
  • individual differences - some children appear to recover despite no apparent attachments within sensitive period
    + real life application - adoption should be as early as possible and then infants securely attached
    + logitudinal studies - show that some changes take a while to become apparent, current studies show some recovery possible
  • deprivation only one factor - most institutionalised children experience multiple ‘risks’ thus maternal deprivation shouldnt be over exaggerated
  • effects may just be due to slower development - fact that children appear to recover suggests effects simply slow down development
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11
Q

Influence of Early Attachment AO3

A
  • correlational research - internal working model may not cause later relationship experiences, temperament may be intervening variable
  • retrospective classification - childhood attachment type based on memory of childhood which may be inaccurate, though support from longitudinal study (Simpson et al)
  • overly determinist - past attachment experiences do not always determine the course of future relationships
  • low correlations - a meta-analysis of studoes suggest correlations between early attachments and later relationships may be as low as .10 (Fraley)
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