Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AS Psychology > Approaches: Key Terms + Points > Flashcards

Approaches: Key Terms + Points Flashcards

1
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

learning a new behaviour via the process of association, 2 stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Timing

A

timing of pairing between the ns and ucs is important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Extinction

A

the association between the ucs and cs is not permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

once extinct if you repair the two stimuli the response is formed much faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Generalisation

A

once animals have been conditioned they may respond to other stimuli that are similar to the cs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

receiving a reward for a certain behaviour, increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

doing a behaviour in order to avoid something unpleasant, increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Punishment

A

an unpleasant consequence of behaviour (finding a way to avoid this would be negative reinforcement), decreases likelihood of behaviour being repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Live Model

A

parent, teacher, friend etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Symbolic Model

A

someone portrayed in media eg TV character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Imitation

A
  • while conditioning is a slower process, when a model is provided behaviour patterns can be rapidly acquired and copied
  • depend on: the characteristics of model, observers perceived ability to perform, observed consequences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Indentification

A
  • refers to the extent to which an individual can relate to a model and feels that he/she is similar to that person
  • observers must feel that they are similar enough to experience the same outcome
  • peoplet are also more likely to imitate high status models, celebrities, and people who are perceived as physically attractive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A
  • individuals learn about the likely consequence of an action by viewing the behaviour of a model
  • individuals then adjust their later behaviour accordingly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mediational Processes: Attention

A
  • refers to learning of behaviour
  • the extent to which we notice certain behaviours that capture our attention because they are intrinsically interesting unusual or we recognise them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mediational Processes: Retention

A
  • refers to learning of behaviour
  • how well the behaviour is remembered if it is shocking it might strengthen long term memory or if it is simple it might be easy to encode and remember
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mediational Processes: Motor Reproduction

A
  • refers to performance of behaviour
  • the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour, for example if it is an easy behaviour to copy (this is based on self-efficacy, which is having the confidence to enact the behaviour)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mediational Processes: Motivation

A
  • refers to performance of behaviour
  • this will or desire to perform the behaviour based on its previous success, this is often determined by whether it was rewarded or punished, often positive vicarious reinforcement can motivate the individual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

learning through observing others and imitating their behaviours, indirect as you are watching what happens as a result of someone elses behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cognitive Approach

A
  • focused on how internal method processes (eg thoughts, perceptions, attention, memory etc) affect our behvaiour
  • these processes mediate between stimulus and response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inferences

A

cognitive psychologists cant observe these processes so they study them indirectly by making inferences/assumptions about what is going on in the peoples minds based on their behaviour

21
Q

The Serial Position Effect

A
  • words from the start (primacy effect) are remembered as they are rehearsed and transferred into LTM
  • words from the end (recency effect) are remembered as they are still in STM when asked to remember them
  • Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
22
Q

Selective Attention

A
  • we miss a lot of what is in our visual field due to inattention
  • Simons and Chubris (1999)
23
Q

Internal Mental Process

A

operations of the mind that mediate between stimulus and response

24
Q

Theoretical Model

A

represent certain mental processes in pictorial form

25
Q

Computer Model

A

metaphor of computer often used to describe the mind

26
Q

Schema

A

mental framework of beliefs + expectations that influence cogntitive processing

27
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes

28
Q

Brain Imaging Technology

A
  • fMRI (functional magnetci resonance imaging) and PET (positron emission tomography) scans
  • show what parts of the brain become active in specific circumstances
29
Q

Biological Approach

A

behaviour affected by…
- genetics: genes influence behaviour and may be influenced by the process of evolution
- the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord): from a biological perspective, the mind lives in the brain; so all thoughts, feelings and behaviour have a biological basis
- the chemistry of the body: chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters) and the body (hormones) are related to behaviour

30
Q

Heredity

A

the passing of genes from one generation to the next

31
Q

Genes

A

carry instructions for a particular characteristic

32
Q

Behaviour Geneticists

A

study whether behavioural characteristics (eg intelligence) are inherited in the same way as physical characteristics (eg height)

33
Q

Twin Studies

A

often used to determine the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic basis by comparing concordance rates (degree of similarity) between pairs of twins

34
Q

Monozygotic Twins (MZ)

A

identical twins formed from one fertilised egg (zygote)

35
Q

Dizygotic Twins (DZ)

A

non identical twins formed from two fertilised eggs (zygotes)

36
Q

Genotype

A
  • genetic make up of an individual
  • occurs at conception and provides the genetic code for how an individual will develop
  • each individual (apart from MZ twins) has a unique genotype
37
Q

Phenotype

A
  • product of what happens when the genotype interacts with the environment
  • the physical or observable characteristics of an individual
38
Q

Darwins Theory of Natural Selection

A
  • any genetically determined behaviour that enhances and individuals survival (and reproduction) will continue in future generations
  • individuals within a species differ from each other in terms of their physical characteristics and behaviour
  • some of this variation is inherited
  • this process takes place naturally, no one decides the selection occurs because some traits give the possessor certain advantages
39
Q

Introspection

A

a person gaining knowledge about their mental states by examining their conscious thoughts and feelings

40
Q

Determinsm

A

the idea that all events and behvaiours have causes

41
Q

Empiricism

A

the belief that all knowledge should be gained via sensory experience

42
Q

Objectivity

A

researchers don’t let preconceived ideas or biases influence collection of data

43
Q

Systematic

A

research is carried out in an orderly (often standardised) way

44
Q

Replicability

A

research can be repeated by others to determine whether same results are obtained, if not replicable then not relieable

45
Q

The Birth of Psychology

A
  • 1879
  • Wundt established first psychological lab in Germany
  • focus was moving psychology from philosophical roots to controlled roots
46
Q

What did Wundt Believe? (3)

A
  • all aspects of nature, including mind, could be studied scientifically
  • behaviour has an ultimate cause (it’s determined)
  • If behvaiour is determined it should be possible to predict how humans will behave in different conditions
47
Q

Wilhelm Wundt’s Aim (1832-1920)

A
  • aimed to study structure of mind through structuralism by breaking down behaviours into their separate component parts (thoughts, feelings, sensations + emotional reactions)
  • used introspection to study the human experience
48
Q

Wundt’s Role in Emergence of Psychology as a Science (4)

A
  • published one of first books on psychology helping to establish subject as independent branch of science
  • work paved the way for later controlled research + study of mental processes
  • identified higher mental processes ( learning, language, emotions) that couldn’t be studied in strictly controlled manner
  • work led to development of field of cultural psychology which is. based on general trends of behaviour in groups of people
49
Q
A

AS Psychology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions