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Large Animal Medicine > Food Animal Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Food Animal Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are ruminants with previous lung damage more susceptible to?

A
  • heat stress
  • respiratory infection
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2
Q

What are the normal respiratory rates of adult bovines, goats, sheep, and pigs?

A

15-35 bpm

15-40 bpm

12-20 bpm

10-20 bpm

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3
Q

What are the normal respiratory rates of neonatal calves, lambs, and kids?

A

20-40 bpm

30-70 bpm

40-65 bpm

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4
Q

What are 3 especially important parts of the physical exam for cases of respiratory disease?

A
  1. rectal temperature
  2. digestive system - bloat
  3. thorax - RR and pattern
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5
Q

What are 3 changes in respiration indicative of respiratory disease? What causes each?

A
  1. increased inspiratory effort - cranial to the thoracic inlet (upper airway)
  2. increased expiratory effort - intrathoracic (lower airway, commonly accompanied by a grunt)
  3. breathing through nose or mouth
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6
Q

What is indicative of respiratory disease in this cow?

A

extended neck + recumbent

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7
Q

How can breathing be induced in cattle during a respiratory exam?

A

rectal sleeve over nose

  • referred sounds can be heard over trachea and larynx
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8
Q

How can heart sounds and percussion be affected by respiratory disease?

A

muffled, normal, or louder

simultaneous percussion over ribs and auscultation can identify areas of consolidation

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9
Q

Thoracic exam, left vs. right:

A
  • right = more lung lobes
  • left = easier to hear heart sounds
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10
Q

What are alveoli? Surfactant?

A

moist, thin-walled pockets of the lungs where gas exchange occurs

oily liquid that covers alveolar walls and prevents their collapse and sticking together

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11
Q

Thoracic examination, left:

A

less lobes

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12
Q

What are the 2 layers of pleura on the lungs?

A
  1. parietal - covers inner thoracic wall
  2. viscera - covers lungs

space between - pleura cavity

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13
Q

What is considered the upper airway? How is it examined?

A

trachea and larynx

  • palpated -may elicit a cough or pain
  • auscultation
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14
Q

How is the head examined, especially in cases of suspected respiratory disease?

A
  • symmetry of face, head, and neck
  • eyes - discharge, conjunctivitis, ulcers (keratitis)
  • sinuses - swelling, percussion
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15
Q

How is the nose examined in cases of suspected respiratory disease?

A
  • discharge- serous (early disease), mucopurulent (advanced), uni/bilateral
  • symmetrical air flow
  • mucosa - inflammation, vesicles, ulcers, erosions
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16
Q

How is the oral cavity examined in cases of suspected respiratory disease?

A
  • odor of breath - necrotic = late stage foul odor
  • inflammation - reddening
  • vesicles, ulcers, erosions - viral
  • visualization of pharynx, nasopharynx, and larynx (difficult!)
  • palate pharynx/larynx
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17
Q

What are some diagnostic aides for respiratory disease?

A
  • CBC
  • parasitology - Baerman
  • thoracic radiography and U/S
  • endoscopy
  • transtracheal washing
  • nasal or laryngeal swabs
  • blood gas analysis
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18
Q

What is the characteristic posture of cattle with severe respiratory disease? Why do they do this?

A

stand motionless with elbows abducted, neck extended, head lowered and extended with mouth open and tongue protruding

maximizes airway diameter to minimize resistance to air flow

19
Q

What are some signs of severe respiratory disease?

A
  • purulent nasal discharge
  • protruding tongue with mouth opening and froth
  • elbows abducted
  • abdominal breathing line
  • roughened staring coat
  • ears drooping

+/- depression, increased RR, mouth breathing, nostril dilation, puffing out cheeks, epiphora, cyanosis, coughing, recunbency

20
Q

Other than pulmonary disease, what can abnormal breathing be a response to?

A
  • acid/base disorders
  • cardiovascular disease
  • excitement
  • systemic toxemia
  • neurological conditions
  • changes in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (anemia)
21
Q

What are common causes of dyspnea, apnea, tachypnea, oligpnea, and hyperpnea?

A

hypoxia due to the reduced capacity for pulmonary gaseous exchange

meningitis, severe acidosis –> episodic

excitement, pain, fear, disease

(reduction in RR) - metabolic alkalosis

(increased depth) - pulmonary disease, metabolic acidosis, toxemia

22
Q

What do thoracic and abdominal breathing indicate?

A

abdominal pain –> traumatic reticulitis, perforated abomasal ulcer, increased abdominal pressure (bloat)

thoracic pain –> pleuritis, severe pulmonary disease (pneumonia)

23
Q

What is stridor? Snoring?

A

inspiratory sound caused by a reduction in the cross-sectional area od the larynx (commonly seen in laryngeal calf diphtheria)

louder noise associated with retropharyngeal abscessation, which causes external pressure on the larynx or upper airway

24
Q

What is expiratory grunting associated with? Crackling?

A

thoracic pain caused by severe pneumonia and pleuritis

advanced pneumonia

25
Q

What are common causes of mycotic nasal granulomas? What are 3 signs?

A

fungi AND bacteria –> sporadic, not common

  1. upper respiratory noise (inspiratory)
  2. mucopurulent discharge
  3. epistaxis
26
Q

Mycotic nasal granuloma:

A

AKA mycetoma

27
Q

How are mycotic nasal granulomas diagnosed? Treated?

A

endoscopy + biopsy of lesions and culture

long-term sodium iodine - difficult to treat otherwise, surgical resection, salvage (long-term prognosis is poor)

28
Q

What cattle are most commonly affected by allergic rhinitis? What causes it? What are the 3 most common signs?

A

adult cattle (>2 y/o) + sheep

plant pollen or fungal spores

  1. bilateral serous nasal discharge
  2. stertorous breathing
  3. intense pruritis
29
Q

What 2 treatments are used for allergic rhinitis?

A
  1. antihistamines
  2. corticosteroids - parenteral or topical

NOT PRACTICAL for commercial stock

30
Q

What is the most common cause of nasal foreign bodies?

A
  • allergic rhinitis causing scratching nose on objects
  • aggressive eating habits
31
Q

What are the 4 most common signs of nasal foreignbodies? What treatment is recommended?

A
  1. unilateral nasal discharge +/- blood
  2. decreased airflow
  3. licking
  4. visualization of FB

remove +/- antibiotics, corticosteroids

32
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of sinusitis?

A
  1. FRONTAL - secondary to dehorning
  2. MAXILLARY - extension from tooth root infection
33
Q

What are the 3 most common signs of sinusitis?

A
  1. anorexia, lethargy
  2. unilateral nasal discharge
  3. facial swelling, exophthalmos
34
Q

How can dehorning cause sinusitis?

A
  • opens up frontal sinus
  • can provide a nidus (bone fragments

Staph aureus abscessation common

35
Q

How do you treat nasal granulomas?

a. Ketoconazole
b. sodium iodine
c. Tetracycline

A

B –> long-term, 2 weeks

(can use tetracycline for secondary infections)

36
Q

Hoe is sinusitis treated? What is prognosis like?

A
  • sinusotomy (trephination) and lavage
  • parenteral antibiotics and NSAIDs

good if caught early, guarded to poor for chronic cases

37
Q

What is pharyngeal trauma and abscessation secondary to? What clinical signs are associated with?

A

iatrogenic injury (balling gun) or rough, stemmy feeds allows opportunistic bacterial infection invasion –> abscessation, cellulitis

respiratory and digestive signs

38
Q

How are pharyngeal trauma/abscesses diagnosed? What are 3 options for treatment?

A

endoscopy or radiography

  1. drainage of discrete abscesses preferably into the pharynx
  2. antibiotics (broad-spectrum, based on C&S) for cellulitis
  3. slaughter - remember antibiotic residues
39
Q

What causes necrotic laryngitis? What cattle are most commonly affected?

A

F. necrophorum

young cattle - 3-18 months –> calf diphtheria

40
Q

What is the pathogenesis of necrotic laryngitis?

A
  • upper respiratory disease causes purulent blockage, difficulty breathing and increased coughing
  • this causes laryngeal trauma and erosion of mucosa over the vocal processes of the arytenoids
  • opportunistic infection of eroded mucosa by F. necorphorum
41
Q

What are the most common signs of necrotic laryngitis? What is seen in recovered cases?

A

acute onset

  • anorexia, depression, fever
  • painful cough
  • severe inspiratory dyspnea
  • stridor
  • death

misshapen larynx = roaring noise when breathing

42
Q

How is necrotic laryngitis diagnosed? What 3 treatments are recommended?

A

visualization of lesions on oral exam or endoscopy

  1. antibiotics - PPG
  2. anti-inflammatories
  3. tracheostomy with difficulty breathing
43
Q

What is tracheal edema disease? What are some possible etiologies?

A

edematous thickening of the dorsal membranes of the trachea, most common in feedlot cattle

  • dust
  • heat
  • viral infection
  • excess fat in thoracic inlet
  • trauma from feed bunks
44
Q

What is the characteristic sign of tracheal edema syndrome? What treatment is preferred?

A

inspiratory dyspnea and honking due to tracheal stenosis

corticosteroids + cool-down

Large Animal Medicine (34 decks)

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