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Large Animal Medicine > Swine GI Disease > Flashcards

Swine GI Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the top 3 causes of diarrhea in swine?

A
  1. Salmonella
  2. E. coli
  3. Porcine Coronavirus

+/- Clostridium, Coccidia, Rotavirus

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2
Q

What ages of pigs are typically affected by Clostridial diarrhea?

A

Clostridium perfringens type A & C - 1-14 days

C. difficile - 1-7 days

(almost exclusively in neonates)

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3
Q

What is characteristic of the 3 causes of Clostridial enteritis?

A
  1. C. perfringens type A - pale yellow/white diarrhea, death uncommon, does not affect all litters
  2. C. perfringens type C - sudden hemorrhagic diarrhea, nearly all affected piglets die
  3. C. difficile - dyspnea, abdominal distension, scrotal edema, yellow pasty diarrhea, majority of litters affected
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4
Q

How is Clostridial enteritis treated?

A
  • antibiotics - Penicillin, Ampicillin
  • antitoxin to C. perfringens type C helpful for outbreaks
  • fluids with dextrose
  • NSAIDs
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5
Q

How is Clostridial enteritis transmitted?

A

C. perfringens type A - normal comensal in gut

C. perfringens type C - spread from sow to piglets via spores in feces –> contamination of farrowing crates is a common source

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6
Q

How is Clostridial enteritis prevented?

A
  • vaccine available for type A and C in sows (give booster 2-3 weeks prior to farrowing)
  • medicated sow feed to limit spread
  • sterilize farrowing areas
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7
Q

What age of pigs are commonly affected by ETEC?

A

1 day to post-weaning - most common 0-4 days

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8
Q

What are some signs of ETEC enteritis?

A
  • secretory diarrhea - watery, clear, white, yellow, or brown
  • vomiting
  • depression, lethargy
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9
Q

What is considered a confirmation of ETEC diagnosis? What are some other options?

A

culture, fimbrial adhesion ID, and toxin ID

  • gut tissue histopath shows G- rods adhered to jejunum and ileum
  • alkaline diarrhea
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10
Q

How is ETEC enteritis treated? How is it prevented?

A

antibiotics (Ceftiofur) and fluid therapy with electrolytes and glucose

  • vaccination of sows and gilts
  • ensure piglets ingest quality colostrum
  • provide ambient temperature of 86-93 F –> colder slows peristaltic activity
  • sanitation, disinfection, and farrowing crate hygiene
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11
Q

What are 2 characteristic parts of ETEC’s virulence?

A
  1. adhesive fimbriae (pili) that adhere to gut epithelium
  2. enterotoxins induce movement of fluid into gut lumen
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12
Q

What causes transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs? What are characteristic signs?

A

Coronavirus –> 1 day old to adults

  • transient vomiting
  • watery, yellow, fetid diarrhea + curds of milk
  • pigs >3 weeks tend to survive but are poor doers for some times
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13
Q

When is transmissible gastroenteritis most commonly seen? In what herds is it less of a problem?

A

winter (rare in summer as sunlight kills the organism)

endemic herds - natural exposure allows herd to develop immunity and sows pass antibodies to piglets

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14
Q

How is transmissible gastroenteritis diagnosed? What are 3 necropsy findings?

A

pig sacrificed for necropsy + detection of viral antigen in small intestine

  1. villous atrophy of small intestines, especially in the jejunum and ileum
  2. stomach distended with curdled milk and congested
  3. thin-walled small intestine filled with foamy fluid
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15
Q

How is transmissible gastroenteritis treated?

A
  • fluids with electrolytes and glucose
  • warm, dry environment
  • antibiotics for secondary infection
  • cross-suckling piglets to sows with good colostral antibodies
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16
Q

What acts as carriers to transmissible gastroenteritis?

A
  • carrier pigs
  • subclinical infections
  • dogs, cats, foxes, starlings
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17
Q

A 5 day old piglet developed yellowish diarrhea. Colonic edema was found on necropsy. What is the likely pathogen that caused this?

a. C. perfringens type C
b. Coronavirus
c. C. difficule

A

C

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18
Q

Which neonatal pig diarrhea etiologic agent is spread by starlings?

a. C. perfringens type A
b. Coronavirus
c. E. coli

A

B

(TGE)

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19
Q

A 3 day old piglet developed bloody diarrhea. What is the most likely etiologic agent?

a. C. perfringens type A
b. Coronavirus
c. E. coli
d. C. perfringens type C

A

D

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20
Q

Profuse diarrhea developed in a gilt’s litter within 3 hours of birth. What is the most likely etiologic agent?

a. C. difficile
b. E. coli
c. Coronavirus

A

B

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21
Q

What age of pigs are most commonly affected by Rotavirus? What are characteristic signs?

A

1-6 weeks - avg. 19 days

mild yellow or white diarrhea for 2-3 days

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22
Q

How is Rotavirus transmitted? What is essential for prevention?

A

fecal oral

  • sanitation and disinfection of farrowing areas
  • booster sows and gilts in late gestation with MLV
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23
Q

Which of the following control measures is the most important for Rotavirus control?

a. biosecurity to keep it out
b. medicated feed
c. sanitation and disinfection

A

C

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24
Q

What age of pigs are most commonly affected by Cryptosporidiosis? What signs are associated? How is it prevented?

A

3 days to weaning (up to 12 weeks)

usually subclinical, but can develop nonhemorrhagic diarrhea

sanitation to prevent fecal-oral transmission

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25
Q

What causes Coccidiosis in pigs? What ages are most commonly affected?

A

Isopora suis

5-15 days –> lifecycle is only 6-7 days

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26
Q

What signs are associated with Coccidiosis?

A
  • yellowish gray diarrhea that is initially loos or pasty and becomes more fluid
  • dehydration
  • high morbidity, moderate mortality

NO blood in feces

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27
Q

What are 4 ways to confirm Coccidiosis?

A
  1. villous atrophy of jejunum and ileum
  2. diarrhea does not respond to antibiotics
  3. fecal floatation
  4. necropsy + histopath
28
Q

How is Coccidiosis treated? What is not typically effective?

A
  • Sulfas
  • Toltrazuril

labeled coccidiostats

29
Q

What acts as a source for Coccidiosis? How is it prevented?

A

environment

sanitation

30
Q

What vaccine is commonly used to prevent diarrheal in pigs?

A

Intervet ProSystem –> Rotavirus, Coronavirus, C. perfringens type C, E. coli

  • for sows and gilts
  • can be administered orally and IM
31
Q

What ages of pig are affected by swine dysentery? What is the most consistent sign?

A

4 weeks to 6 months –> 30-150 lbs

bloody diarrhea

32
Q

What are the 4 possible sequela to swine dysentery?

A
  1. severely affected become weak, uncoordinated, emaciated, and will die
  2. chronic poor doers
  3. asymptomatic
  4. complete recovery
33
Q

What are 3 common histories associated with swine dysentery?

A
  1. recent movement of swine into a clean herd
  2. recent movement of naive swine into a dirty herd
  3. show pigs and breeding sows/boars sent to different farms or shows

will spread gradually through an infected herd with new pigs affected each day

34
Q

What causes swine dysentery? What samples are commonly collected at necropsy?

A

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae - spirochete

  • mucosal scraping of large intestine (not SI) –> darkfield microscopy
  • large intestine will be filled with blood and mucus
35
Q

How is swine dysentery treated?

A

medicated feed or water –> Tylan

36
Q

When do clinical signs develop in cases of proliferative enteropathy? What are the most common clinical signs? What are the 2 forms?

A

2 weeks after stressor –> lapses in water or food, poor ventilation

diarrhea and/or wasting

  1. ACUTE - massive hemorrhage and sudden death
  2. CHRONIC - seen in pigs 6-16 weeks, poor growth, intermittent diarrhea
37
Q

What causes proliferative enteropathy?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis - found in crypt epithelium

  • curved rods
38
Q

How is proliferative enteropathy diagnosis confirmed?

A
  • necropsy - thickened mucosa confined to ileum and colon (acute = hemorrhage, chronic = necrotic)
  • histopath - mucosal hyperplasia with intracellular curved rods

(difficult to culture)

39
Q

What areas of the intestine is proliferative enteropathy typically confined to?

A

ileum and colon

  • can cause blockage at ileocecal junction
40
Q

How is proliferative enteropathy treated?

A
  • Tylan
  • feed or water antimicrobials - Tylosin, CTC, Lincomycin, Tiamulin, Carbadox
41
Q

How is proliferative enteropathy prevented?

A
  • avoid stredd - comingling, shipping, poor weather, high humidity, disruptions in feed intake, mixing pens at market
  • sanitation
  • effective microbial in feed (Tylosin)
  • oral vaccine
42
Q

What whipworm commonly infects pigs? What ages are most susceptible? In what pigs is it not typically as much of a problem?

A

Trichuris suis

1-6 months

confinement-raised swine –> eggs survive in the environment

43
Q

What is the pathophysiology of whipworm infections?

A
  • enter SI mucosa
  • moves to cecum and colon
  • results in mucofibrinous typhlocolitis with hemorrhage
44
Q

What clinical signs are seen with whipworm infections? What treatment/control is recommended?

A
  • anorexia
  • mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
  • dehydration
  • death

deworming –> Fenbendazole, Dichlorvos > Levamisole > Piperazine, Pyrantel, Thiabendazole, Ivermectin

45
Q

What can be a misleading diagnostic for whipworm infections? What is seen on necropsy?

A

fecal floatations

worms in the cecum/colon

46
Q

What are the 2 forms of salmonellosis in pigs? What causes each? What signs are associated?

A

SEPTICEMIA –> S. cholerasuis –> sudden onset of fever, purple skin, and sudden death

ENTERIC –> S. typhimurium –> diarrhea, chronic poor doers, rectal stricture

47
Q

What is the typical red flag for Salmonella infection? How is it diagnosed?

A

red to purpling discoloration of extremities and ventrum

  • culture
  • necropsy, histopath
48
Q

What necropsy lesion is commonly seen with the enteric form of Salmonellosis?

A

focal necrotic enterocolitis –> volcano/calamari lesions

49
Q

What is a possible sequela to salmonellosis seen in pigs?

A

rectal stricture –> severe constipation and distended abdomen

50
Q

How is salmonellosis treated?

A
  • antibiotics - Ceftiofur, Neomycin, Apramycin, Gentamicin, Enrofloxacin, Amikacin, TMS
  • anti-inflammatories for enterotoxemia
  • protect other pigs

poor prognosis for septicemia form

51
Q

How is Salmonellosis controlled?

A
  • sanitation
  • remove diseased stock and carriers/shedders
  • early weaning of piglets
  • vaccines
  • antibiotics in feed
52
Q

What are the most common signs of gastric ulcers? In what pigs are they most common?

A
  • gothic pig syndrome - colic = hunched, grimacing, stilted gait
  • reduced feed intake
  • vomiting
  • black and tarry feces

finishers

53
Q

How are gastric ulcers diagnosed?

A
  • fecal occult blood
  • necropsy
  • endoscopy - impractical
54
Q

How are gastric ulcers treated?

A

anti-acids –> H2 blockers, PPI

  • most commonly done in valuable show pigs, not in commercial herds
55
Q

What 4 risk factors contribute to the development of gastric ulcers?

A
  1. finely ground feed
  2. overcrowding
  3. unsanitary environment
  4. being off feed
56
Q

How are gastric ulcers prevented? What pigs have higher mortality?

A
  • alter feed - don’t ground feed as much
  • avoid stress
  • Omeprazole
  • running out feed

barrows - castrated males eat more and are typically girthier (most 10-12 week old pigs with have ulcers with no symptoms)

57
Q

Proliferative enteropathy typically affects…

a. any portion of the intestines
b. ileum and colon
c. cecum and colon
d. rectum

A

B

58
Q

Which of the following is most difficult to culture?

a. Proliferative enteropathy
b. Salmonella
c. Swine dysentery

A

A

59
Q

Grower pigs are developing diarrhea with no blood. What is the most likely disease process?

a. swine dysentery
b. salmonella
c. whipworms
d. proliferative enteropathy

A

D

60
Q

What disease is associated with rectal strictures?

A

Salmonella

61
Q

What part of the gut is a common site to find whipworms?

A

cecum and colon

62
Q

A pig is having watery and bloody diarrhea with flecks of mucosa noted. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

swine dysentery

63
Q

Which of the following diseases has the best vaccine?

a. swine dysentery
b. proliferative enteropathy
c. cryptosporidiosis

A

B

64
Q

Necropsy reveals lesions confined to the colon. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a. swine dysentery
b. proliferative enteropathy
c. whipworms

A

A

65
Q

What is the most effective dewormer for swine whipworms?

a. Ivermectin
b. Fenbendazole
c. Tramisol

A

B

66
Q

There are 100 feeder pigs in a barn. 2 of them vomit after eating. No other feeders are vomiting. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a. feed allergies
b. gastric ulcers
c. TGE

A

B

Large Animal Medicine (34 decks)

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