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Healthy Populations Exam 3 > Wildlife Diseases > Flashcards

Wildlife Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Why are wildlife diseases important?

A

Threat to native wildlife populations
Impacts on domestic animals
Zoonotic potential
Economic importance

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2
Q

Wildlife diseases of importance in VA:

A

Rabies
Canine Distemper
Hemorrhagic Disease
Chronic Wasting Disease
White nose syndrome (bats)
Avian pox
Duck plague
Avian influenza
Avian cholera

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3
Q

What type of virus is rabies?

A

Single stranded RNA virus
Family: Rhabdoviridae
Genus: Lyssavirus

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4
Q

Which states have reported the most number of cases of wildlife rabies?

A

NC, NY, NJ, TX, VA

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5
Q

Which animal accounts for the largest proportion of human cases of Rabies?

A

Bats (92%)

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of “dumb” rabies?

A

Aimless wandering, lethargy, incoordination, weakness in hind legs, paralysis, loss of awareness

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7
Q

What are clinical signs of “vicious” rabies?

A

Vicious attacks and self mutilation

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8
Q

Both forms of rabies ultimately end in:

A

Convulsions, Coma, and Death

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9
Q

In VA, which animals account for the most rabies cases?

A

Raccoons (47%)
Skunks (26%)
Foxes (10%)
Bats (4%)
Rodents/Lagomorphs (0.9%)
Domestic animals (dogs, cats, cows, horses) (3.5%)

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10
Q

What is the general incubation period of Rabies?

A

1-3 months, but can vary

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11
Q

Diagnosis of Rabies?

A

Post-mortem examination of brain tissue by local health department
Histopath of brain my reveal nonsupparative encephalitis and Negri bodies
REPORTABLE

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12
Q

Control of Rabies?

A

Rabies vaccines in domestic animals!!
Oral rabies vaccine developed to immunize free ranging carnivores that consume vaccine laden baits

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13
Q

Etiology of Canine Distemper?

A

Genus: Morbillivirus
Family: Paramyxoviridae
Attacks epithelial cells of resp tract, GI tract, eyes

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14
Q

Clinical Signs of Canine Distemper?

A

Resp: Dyspnea, coughing, sneezing, catarrhal or purulent ocular or nasal discharge
GI: Diarrhea
Neuro: Similar to Rabies (convulsions, tremors, chewing fits, loss of fear)
Dermatologic: Proliferation of foot pad epithelium

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15
Q

What is the transmission and pathogenesis of canine distemper?

A

Direct contact or aerosol of ocular and nasal secretions, as well as urine
Virus does NOT survive in environment
Incubation 14-18 days (dogs)
Encephalitis and death in 2-4 weeks in wildlife
No treatment

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16
Q

Diagnosis of canine distemper?

A

Histopath: intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
Specimens: brain, lung, bladder, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, foot pad, stomach
Virus isolation
FAT (air dried ocular swabs)

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17
Q

What is the significance of canine distemper?

A

Not a major HUMAN public health concern
Can be confused with rabies due to very similar clinical signs
Some wildlife may have concurrent infections of rabies and distemper

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18
Q

What is the most important infectious disease of white tailed deer in the U.S.?

A

Hemorrhagic disease

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19
Q

Etiology of hemorrhagic disease?

A

Caused by two closely related but distinct orbiviruses
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) and bluetongue virus (BT)

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20
Q

Clinical signs of hemorrhagic disease?

A

*Fever, depression, oral cyanosis, pulmonary edema, resp distress, edema of head, neck, tongue, conjunctiva; hemorrhage at base of pulmonary artery
*Lameness
*Sloughing of hoof walls and secondary infections
*Weight loss, emaciation
*Death in 1-3 days

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21
Q

Transmission of hemmorhagic disease?

A

Biting midges, Culicoides sp, especially C. variipennis

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22
Q

Mortality of hemorrhagic disease?

A

Late summer to early fall
Stops with freezing temps

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23
Q

What would be a general presentation for an animal with hemorrhagic disease out in the field?

A

Recumbent, reluctant to move, close to water source

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24
Q

In VA, where is there a higher prevalence of hemorrhagic disease?

A

Eastern coast, rarely west of Blue Ridge Mountains

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25
Q

Significance of hemorrhagic disease?

A

Major infection of white tailed deer
Dramatic local population decline in white tailed deer
DDX: resembles FMD, Rinderpest, Heartwater dz
No public health significance

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26
Q

What are the general characteristics of “Chronic Wasting Disease?”

A

Emerging wildlife disease in VA
Progressive neuro disease ultimately results in death
Belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)

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27
Q

What are TSEs?

A

Diseases caused by prions that accumulate in neurons
Spongiform degeneration of CNS

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28
Q

What are the hosts of CWD?

A

White tailed deer, Elk, mule deer, black-tailed deer, moose

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29
Q

Transmission of CWD?

A

Direct, from animal to animal, most important
Indirect from contaminated food or environment also possible (importance unknown)
Prions remain in environment for years

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30
Q

Incubation period of CWD?

A

Incubation period 12-18 months up to 3-5 years

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31
Q

Clinical signs of CWD?

A

Staggering/standing with poor posture, emaciation, poor body condition (all in later stages)

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32
Q

Diagnosis of CWD?

A

Examining obex of medulla oblongata & retropharyngeal lymph nodes for prions
ELISA test for free-ranging white tail deer

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33
Q

Is CWD transmissible to humans?

A

No current evidence

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34
Q

What is the causative agent of white nose syndrome of bats?

A

Fungus; Pseudogymnoascus (~Geomyces) destructans

35
Q

What is one of the most common signs seen in bats with white nose syndrome?

A

White substance on head, ears, wings

36
Q

Clinical findings of bats with white nosed syndrome?

A

Emaciation and poor body condition
Little, no body fat
Fungal hyphae on external surfaces

37
Q

Treatment for white nosed syndrome of bats?

A

No known successful treatment or control

38
Q

What is one of the mammalian emerging diseases to watch?

A

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease

39
Q

Characteristics of RHDV1?

A

Affects only adult rabbits, Oryoctolagus cuniculus
First reported in CHina in 1984
No reservoir in NA, enzootic in China and Europe

40
Q

Characteristics of RHDV2?

A

Affects multiple species of rabbits and hares including Eastern Cottontail rabbits
First reported France 2010
Lower mortality than RHDV1

41
Q

Clinical findings of rabbit hemorrhagic disease?

A

Fever, pallor, hemorrhage from nose, hematuria
Severe circulatory collapse and shock
Fulminating liver failure and DIC causing death

42
Q

Incubation period of RHDV?

A

2-4 Days

43
Q

Clinical signs of Avian pox?

A

Visual impairment, respiratory distress, inability to eat/swallow, weakness, emaciation

44
Q

Lesions developing from Avian pox?

A

Cutaneous form (dry pox): Proliferative nodules on unfeathered body areas
Diphtheritic form (wet pox): Raised plaques in oral cavity or respiratory tract

45
Q

Transmission of avian pox?

A

Blood feeding insects (mosquitoes); inhalation or ingestion of virus-laden scabs

46
Q

Diagnosis of avian pox?

A

Histopath, viral isolation, PCR

47
Q

What would be some differential diagnoses for an animal with avian pox?

A

Candidiasis
Trichmoniasis
Vitamin A deficiency
Mycotoxicosis

48
Q

How do we control avian pox in the wild?

A

Eliminate mosquitoe breeding sites, mosquitoe larvacides and adulticides

49
Q

Control of avian pox in captivity?

A

Disinfection of equipment (5% bleach), screening, MLC used (domestic birds)

50
Q

What type of virus does the Duck Plague originate from?

A

Herpesvirus

51
Q

Hosts of Duck Plague?

A

Ducks, Swans, Geese

52
Q

Clinical Signs of Duck Plague?

A

Bloody discharge from nares, mouth & vent; prolapsed phallus; weakness, depression, inability to fly, convulsions, sudden death

53
Q

Transmission of Duck plague?

A

Contact with infected waterfowl or the environment; virus shed in fecal/oral discharges, survivors are lifetime carriers and shed virus

54
Q

Lesions of Duck Plague?

A

Hemorrhage on heart and liver
Raised necrotic plaques/ulcerations on intestines
Ulceration under tongue (chronic carrier)
Nasal discahrge

55
Q

When is Duck Plague usually seen?

A

March-June

56
Q

Diagnosis of Duck Plague?

A

Virus isolation, serology

57
Q

Control of duck plague:

A

Destruction of infected flocks/eggs
Carcass disposal (incineration)
Decontamination of the environment (water chlorination, increase pH of soil)
Disinfect equipment

58
Q

Prevention of duck plague:

A

Attenuated vaccine approved for use in DOMESTIC DUCKS ONLY

59
Q

Differentials for a bird presenting with duck plague?

A

Avian cholera, pesticide poisoning

60
Q

Avian influenza is what type of virus:

A

Orthomyxovirus

61
Q

Etiology of avian infulenza?

A

Infects domestic poultry, waterfowl, and other wild birds
2022 increase in wild bird population
Harbored in resp and intestinal tract

62
Q

What determines the serotype of avian influenza?

A

Hemagglutinin (HA)
Neuraminidase (NA)
Both surface antigens

63
Q

Type A avian influenza has how many know subgroups?

A

25 total
16 HA
9 NA

64
Q

What are the most common high pathogen avian influenza?

A

H5 and H7

65
Q

Which avian influenza strains are reportable diseases?

A

HPAI is reportable, LPAI is not

66
Q

Transmission of avian influenza?

A

Horizontal
Virus shed in feces and secretions
Spread by contaminated feed, water, equipment, vehicles, people

67
Q

Incubation period of avian influenza?

A

Short- few hours to days

68
Q

Survival time of avian influenza?

A

Longer (Weeks) in cold and moist environments

69
Q

Infectivity of avian influenza?

A

Retained in feces for 30-35 days at 4 degrees celsius

70
Q

LPAI often presents as:

A

Less severe clinical signs and lesions, mild resp disease

71
Q

DDx for HPAI?

A

Fowl cholera, ND, E. coli speticemia

72
Q

Definitive diagnosis for avian influenza?

A

Serology, virus isolation or detection

73
Q

How is avian influenza inactivated?

A

Heat, dryness, pH extremes

74
Q

How to disinfect an environment with avian influenza?

A

Bleach, Virkon, phenol, formalin

75
Q

What is the public health significance of avian influenza?

A

Potential for workers exposed to HPAI virus during poultry depopulation can become infected
Low PH significance for LPAI

76
Q

Causative agent for Avian cholera?

A

Pasteurella multocida

77
Q

Avian cholera hosts include:

A

Water birds
Rodents
Raptors

78
Q

Transmission of avian cholera:

A

Infected birds shedding bacteria, infected carcasses, chronic carriers, seasonal in winter

79
Q

Clinical signs of avian cholera:

A

Incoordination
Tremors
Inability to fly
Sudden death

80
Q

Lesions from avian cholera?

A

Hemorrhages (heart, gizzard, liver)
Multifocal necrosis of liver
Copper colored liver

81
Q

Diagnosis of avian cholera?

A

Bacterial culture

82
Q

Control of avian cholera:

A

Disposal/incineration of infected carcasses
Habitat management (drainage/reduction)
Disinfection (Extreme conditions)
Vaccination of captive flocks (bacterin)

83
Q

DDx for avian cholera?

A

Duck Plague, bacterial septicemia, AVM

84
Q

Public health risk for avian cholera?

A

Low risk disease; local infections or septicemia via inhalation

Healthy Populations Exam 3 (21 decks)

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