Topic 4: How can we Change Physical Activity Behaviour

Question 1

Motivation Involves…

Answer 1

1. Direction of Effort: Whether an individual seeks out, approaches, avoid or is attracted to situations.
2. Intensity of Effort: How much effort an individual puts forth in a situation.
3. Persistence of Effort: Whether an individual maintains intensity of effort over time.

Question 2

Theory

Answer 2

It is the summary of known facts and assumptions that serves to organize information in a meaningful way. It explains and predicts a phenomena.

Question 3

Model

Answer 3

It is a visual representation or description of a phenomena.

Question 4

Both Theories & Models serves as..

Answer 4

.. a guide or blueprint. They provide framework to help us understand a particular set of phenomena.

Question 5

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

Answer 5

It explains how individuals initiate and adopt physical activity. It matches the intervention strategies to specific stage of change (strength).

1. Pre-contemplation: Unaware of the problem. Information about PA must be provided to the individual.
2. Contemplation: Aware of the problem and of the desired behaviour change. The individual must be challenged to see the benefits of PA.
3. Preparation: Intends to take action. The individual must be helped to organize a PA plan.
4. Action: Practices the desired behaviour. The individual must be provided tips on how to overcome barriers.
5. Maintenance: Works to sustain the behaviour. The individual must be assisted with coping, alternatives and avoiding slips.

Question 6

Factors influencing TTM

Answer 6

1. Self-efficacy
   
   • Belief in one’s capabilities
   • Increases with stage progression
2. Decisional Balance
   
   • Perceived (dis) advantages of PA
   • Inactive see more disadvantages
3. Process of Change
   
   • Strategies used to progress through stages

Question 7

Theory of Planned Behaviour (TBP)

Answer 7

Personal & social factors (1, 2, 3) influence intentions, which in turn influence sport and PA behaviour.

1. Attitude: Instrumental and affective beliefs.
2. Subjective norms: Beliefs about normative expectations around behaviour. “What do important people think?”
3. Perceived Behavioural Control: Beliefs about factors that will enable or obstruct the behaviour.

The theory focuses on enhancing intentions. However, the theory ignores the intention behaviour gap that says that if we are motivated we will exercise (weakness).
- Attitudes toward PA
- Enhance subjective norms
- Facilitate perceived behaviour control (feel in control)

Question 8

Health Action Process Approach

Answer 8

Fills the bridge left by TBP. Intention remains a key factor but does not directly predict behaviour. Identify factors that influence ‘how’ intension is translated into behaviour.

1. Pre-intenders: Boost self-efficacy, education about risks & benefits
2. Intenders: Action and coping planning interventions
3. Actors: Lapse and relapse prevention, overcoming barriers.

Question 9

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 9

Mastery experience, modelling, verbal persuasion, and physiological states will influence self-efficacy beliefs which in turn influence behaviour.

Mastery experience: If we have mastered something before we will be more confident that we can do it again.

Modelling: “If my friend passed this course, then so can I.”

Verbal Persuasion: Verbal cues someone gives you to keep you more confident you can complete a task.

Physiological and affective states: Even if you have done something before there may be a variability in your confidence at a particular time.

Question 10

Self-efficacy

Answer 10

It refers to beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments. It is very behaviour specific and a critical predictor of behaviour and effort.

Question 11

Self-Determination Theory: Organismic Integration Theory

Answer 11

Gradual continuum from 1 to 3
1. Amotivation
- Absence of motivation.
2. Extrinsic Motivation
- External Regulation: Engage for reward or punishment
- Introjected Regulation: Self-imposed pressure
- Identified Regulation: Engage to achieve an outcome
- Integrated Regulation: Engage to confirm sense of self/identity
3. Intrinsic Motivation
- Engagement driven by interest, satisfaction and enjoyment.

Question 12

Self-Determination Theory: Basic Needs Theory

Answer 12

Athletes need 3 basic psychological needs that all together, forms autonomous motivation.

1. Autonomy: A sense of personal choice and control over one’s actions.
2. Competence: Feeling effective and capable when undertaking challenging tasks.
3. Relatedness: Feeling connected to and supported by others.