Topic 2: How do we Conduct & Interpret Research in Sport and Exercises Psychology

Question 1

Independent Variable

Answer 1

Variable that is manipulated (cause).

i.e. Research on the effects of exercise on cognitive function, the effects of exercise is the independent variable.

Question 2

Dependent Variable

Answer 2

Variable that is affected by the independent variable (outcome).

i.e. Research on the effects of exercise on cognitive function, cognitive function is the dependent variable.

Question 3

Non-experimental/Observational Study

Answer 3

There is no (in)dependent variable and typically does not involve a hypothesis.
- Interviews, focus groups, journaling, etc.

Question 4

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 4

Comparing two or more different groups on a subject. For example, comparing body image between exercisers, non exercisers and athletes.

Pros: Low administration, quick
Cons: Assume changes

Question 5

Longitudinal Design Study

Answer 5

Observe a variable over time on a group of individuals. For example, observing changes in body image over time as participants engage in exercise.

Pros: Change is observed across time
Cons: High administration, high drop out rate, training effects, no control

Question 6

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

Answer 6

Individuals are randomly assigned to either a control or experimental group that are compared over time. For example, what are the effects of exercise on body imagine compared to a control group?

Pros: change observed over time, confident in changes
Cons: high administration, drop out

Question 7

Types of measures used in research

Answer 7

1. Self-Report/Survey (i.e. Log)
2. Objective/Technical (i.e. HR monitor)
3. Observational (i.e. observe a class)

Question 8

Confounding Variable

Answer 8

Variable whose presence affects the variables being studied so that the results do not reflect the true relationship between them.

Question 9

Moderator Variable

Answer 9

Variable that alters the direction or strength of the relationship between the variable studied.

Question 10

Mediator Variable

Answer 10

Variable that explains the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.