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biology paper1 > cell biology b1 > Flashcards

cell biology b1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

plant and animals cells which have a nucleus containing genetic material, cell membrane and cell wall

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2
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

bacteria cells no nucleus
DNA not enclosed in nucleus
much smaller that eukaryotic
cell membrane and cell wall, cytoplasm

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3
Q

what is a small ring of DNA called?

A

plasmid

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4
Q

what is centi in standard form?

A

1 x10-2 m

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5
Q

what is milli in standard form?

A

1 x10-3m

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6
Q

what is micro in standard form?

A

1 x10-6

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7
Q

what is nano in standard form?

A

1 x10-9

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8
Q

what does 1 order of magnitude mean?

A

every order of magnitude is 10x bigger than one before

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9
Q

if a dog is 100 times longer than a woodlouse what order of magnitude would it have

A

the dog would be two orders of magnitude longer than the woodlouse

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10
Q

what order of magnitude would 1000x be?

A

three orders of magnitude

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11
Q

what parts do animal cells have?

A
  • a nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • a cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes.
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12
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

store genetic material

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13
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

where chemical reactions take place

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14
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

controls what molecules can enter and leave the cell

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15
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

where aerobic respirations takes place

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16
Q

what is the functions of ribosomes?

A

site of protein synthesis

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17
Q

what extra parts do plant cells have?

A
  • chloroplasts
  • a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap.
  • cell wall
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18
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A

strengthens the cell

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19
Q

what is the functions of chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis

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20
Q

what is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

helps give shape as it is filled with cell sap

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21
Q

what is the cell wall made from?

A

cellulose

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22
Q

why are cells specialised?

A

have adaptations to help carry out specific functions

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23
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

when cells become specialised

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24
Q

what is the job of a sperm cell

A

to join with ovum - fertilisation

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25
Q

what happens during fertilisation?

A

genetic info of sperm cell and ovum combine

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26
Q

how are sperm cells specialised?

A
  • long tail to help them to swim
  • streamlined to make this easier
  • packed with mitochondria for energy
  • contain enzymens in head allowing them to digest the outer layer of ovum
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27
Q

what is the function of a nerve cell?

A

to send electrical impulses around the body

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28
Q

how are nerve cells specalised?

A
  • the axon carries electrical impulses
  • myelin speeds up the transmissions of the impulses
  • synapses which allow the impulses to pass from one nerve cell to another
  • dendrites which increase the surface area of the cell so it can connect easier
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29
Q

what is the function of muscle cells?

A

to contract

30
Q

how are muscle cells specialised?

A
  • protein fibres which can change their length
  • mitochondria to provide energy
31
Q

what is the function of root hair cells?

A

to absorb water and minerals

32
Q

how are root hair cells specialised?

A
  • hairs to increase surface area
  • no chloroplast as they are underground
33
Q

what is the function of a xylem cell?

A

carry water and minerals to plant from roots

34
Q

how are xylem cells specialised?

A
  • thick walls containing lignin which provide support to plant
  • end walls broken down which forms a long tube, flow easily
  • no internal structures (easy to flow)
35
Q

what is the function of phloem cells?

A

carry dissolved sugars up and down cells

36
Q

how are phloem cells specialised?

A
  • vessel cells have no nucleus and limited cytoplasm
  • end walls have sieve plates allowing dissolved sugars to move through
  • each vessel cell has a companion cell containing mitochondria
37
Q

what are the two types of microscopes?

A

light
electron

38
Q

what’s the problem with light microscopes?

A

limited magnification
limited resolution

39
Q

what does limited resolution mean?

A

blurred image

40
Q

what is the advantage of electron microscopes?

A

much greater magnification and resolution

41
Q

what is binary fission

A

where one bacteria cell divides into 2

42
Q

how do bacteria cells divide?

A

simple cell division

43
Q

how often can bacteria cells divide

A

once every 20 mintues

44
Q

what are stem cells?

A

cells which have not differenciated

45
Q

where can you find stem cells?

A

embryo
adult bone marrow

46
Q

what can stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into?

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

47
Q

what are bone marrow transplants used for?

A

treatment of bone marrow cancer

48
Q

how is cancer of bone marrow treated?

A
  1. existing bone marrow destroyed using radiation
  2. receive transplanted bone marrow
  3. stem cells in bone marrow divides to form new bone marrow + blood cells
49
Q

problems with bone marrow transplants

A
  • donor needs to be compatible with patient otherwise white blood cells from donor could attack patients body
  • risk of viruses passing
50
Q

what happenes in therapeutic cloning?

A
  • embryo produced with same genes as patient
  • stem cells from embryo can be transplanted without rejection risk
  • once inside patient stem cells differentiate
51
Q

when is therapeutic cloning used?

A

diabetes
paralysis

52
Q

what stem cells are found in plants?

A

meristem tissue

53
Q

where are stem cells found in plants?

A

roots
buds

54
Q

when can stem cells differentiate in plants?

A

at any point

55
Q

why would you use meristem tissue to clone a plant?

A
  • stop it going extinct
  • farmers
56
Q

what happens to surface area : volume ratio as organisms get larger

A

ratio falls sharply

57
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement from high to low concentration

58
Q

what molecules move in + out by diffusion?

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • urea
59
Q

what are the factors affecting rate of diffusion?

A
  1. difference of concentration
  2. temperature
  3. surface area
60
Q

how does difference of concentration affect rate of diffusion?

A

greater concentration gradient the faster diffusion takes place

61
Q

how does temperature affect rate of diffusion?

A

higher temp means particles have higher kinetic energy therefore moving faster increasing rate of diffusion

62
Q

how does surface area affect rate of diffusion?

A

bigger surface area = faster rate of diffusion

63
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration

64
Q

what happens when an animal cell is placed in water

A

water moves in by osmosis
cell will expand or even burst

65
Q

what happens when an plant cell is placed in water?

A

water moves in by osmosis
cell will expand but not burst as cell wall prevents it instead cell becomes turgid

66
Q

what does turgid mean?

A

cell is swollen

67
Q

what does flaccid mean?

A

cell has shrink

68
Q

what is active transport

A

substances move from dilute solution to concentrated solution against concentration gradient

69
Q

what does active transport require?

A

energy from respiration

70
Q

example of active transport in animals cells

A

sugars in small intestine go into cell by active transport and then into bloodstream by same

71
Q

example of active transport in plant cels

A

ions moving into root hair cells and then into xylem by active transport

biology paper1 (10 decks)

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