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BIOL*1090 > Cell Diversity and Viruses > Flashcards

Cell Diversity and Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: Viruses are cells.

A

False

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2
Q

What are viruses?

A

Macromolecular packages that can function and reproduce only within living cells

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3
Q

What is a virion?

A

A virus outside of a host cell

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4
Q

Are virions animate or inanimate particles?

A

Virions exist as inanimate particles

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5
Q

What two things make up virions?

A
  • A small amount of DNA or RNA
  • A capsid
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6
Q

What is a capsid in a virion?

A

A protein capsule that packages genetic material

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7
Q

What are the 5 properties of cells that are shared with viruses?

A
  • Complex and organized
  • Controlled by a genetic program
  • Able to carry out chemical reactions (sometimes)
  • Able to reproduce (sometimes)
  • Capable of evolving
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8
Q

What do viruses need to reproduce?

A

A host cell

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9
Q

When are viruses able to carry out chemical reactions?

A

Only when enzymes are present on the exterior of the virus

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10
Q

What is the Baltimore Classification System?

A

A popular system for classifying viruses

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11
Q

How does the Baltimore Classification System categorize viruses?

A

Based on their type of genome and method of replication

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12
Q

What is an example of a virus classified under the hepadnavirus family?

A

Hepatitis B

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13
Q

What is an example of a virus classified under the filovirus family?

A

Ebola virus

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14
Q

How does the filovirus family encode their genome?

A

In the form of single-stranded negative-sense RNA

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15
Q

What can viruses in the adenovirus family cause?

A

Respiratory illness or conjunctivitis

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16
Q

How do retroviruses infect host cells?

A

Insert a copy of their genome into the DNA of a host cell

17
Q

Are retroviruses an RNA or DNA type virus?

A

RNA

18
Q

What is an example of a retrovirus?

A

HIV

19
Q

What type of cells do bacteriophages infect?

A

Infects and replicates within prokaryotes

20
Q

What is CRISPR-Cas?

A

An immune-like system bacteria have evolved to possess as a way to battle continuous attacks from bacteriophages

21
Q

How does CRISPR-Cas work?

A

Recognizes and remembers the attack from a virus, so it knows which enzymes to release to effectively and efficiently fight back

22
Q

What is the main factor that determines what cell type a virus can infect?

A

The expression of specific surface proteins

23
Q

What is the difference between narrow and wide host ranges?

A
  • Narrow host range: viruses that have specific preferences in terms of which cells they infect
  • Wide host range: viruses that infect a wide range of different cells
24
Q

Do human cold and influenza viruses have narrow or wide host ranges?

A

Narrow

25
Q

Does rabies have a narrow or wide host range?

A

Wide

26
Q

What does a virus do once inside a host cell?

A

Hijacks cellular machinery to synthesize nucleic acids and proteins

27
Q

What are the two main types of viral infections?

A

Lytic and non-lytic

28
Q

What is the difference between lytic and non-lytic viruses?

A
  • Lytic: produces virus particles that rupture/kill host cell
  • Non-lytic: host cell can survive, but often with impaired function
29
Q

What is a provirus?

A

Viral DNA inserted into the host genome

30
Q

Are influenza and rabies lytic or non-lytic viruses?

A

Lytic

31
Q

Are HIV and chicken pox lytic or non-lytic viruses

A

Non-lytic

32
Q

What type of genome does the rabies virus have?

A

A single stranded RNA genome

33
Q

How do RNA vaccines work?

A

Trick the body’s cells into producing an antigen from an RNA template, so when the actual virus attacks the body defends itself more effectively

34
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that causes the body to make an immune response against it

35
Q

What is one strategy to make RNA vaccines more effective?

A

Incorporate the instructions for assembling a replicate within them

36
Q

What will the replicas that result from self-amplifying RNA vaccine do?

A

Make copies of the RNA template for producing antigens

BIOL*1090 (15 decks)

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