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BIOL*1090 > The Extracellular Matrix > Flashcards

The Extracellular Matrix Flashcards

1
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

An insoluble mesh work composed of proteins and polysaccharides

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2
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Proteins with chains of polysaccharides

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3
Q

How do the different forms of extracellular matrices vary?

A

The amount, type, and organization of the proteins and polysaccharides that make them up

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4
Q

What are four functions of the extracellular matrix?

A
  • Cell adherence
  • Communication between cells
  • Cell shape/mechanical support/structural integrity
  • Provides a barrier for the cell
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5
Q

In plants, what does the extracellular matrix form?

A

The cell wall

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6
Q

What is one of the most complex and diverse examples of an extracellular matrix?

A

The plant cell wall

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7
Q

Where is the cellulose polymer used to expand the cell wall assembled?

A

Outside the cell on, on the extracellular surface fo the plasma membrane

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8
Q

How are the glucose molecules used to form the cellulose polymers that expand the cell wall and the enzymes that attach them delivered to the cell surface?

A

By arrays of microtubules

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9
Q

What are the three layers that compose the cell wall?

A
  • The middle lamella
  • The primary cell wall
  • The secondary cell wall
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10
Q

Which layer of the cell wall is used as the main mechanism by which plant cells adhere to one another?

A

The middle lamella

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11
Q

Which layer of the cell wall is composed of a gluelike complex carbohydrate?

A

The middle lamella

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12
Q

Which layer of the cell wall is synthesized during the late stages of cell division?

A

The middle lamella

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13
Q

Which layer of the cell wall consists primarily of cellulose, but also contains pectin?

A

The primary cell wall

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14
Q

Which layer of the cell wall is laid down while the cells are still growing?

A

The primary cell wall

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15
Q

Which layer of the cell wall is constructed in many plant cells once cell growth has stopped?

A

The secondary cell wall

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16
Q

Which layer of the cell wall consists primarily of cellulose, but also contains lignin?

A

The secondary cell wall

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17
Q

What does lignin do for the cell wall?

A

Hardens the cell wall and makes it matter resistant

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18
Q

What does the animal extracellular matrix contain that makes it unique from plants?

A

Large fibrous proteins

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19
Q

Where are fibrous proteins embedded in the extracellular matrix of animals?

A

In a gel-like polysaccharide matrix

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20
Q

What is the charge of the polysaccharide matrix in which fibrous proteins are embedded?

A

Matrix is negatively charged

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21
Q

Where can the extracellular matrix be found in abundance in animals?

A

Connective tissue

22
Q

What makes connective tissue an unusual tissue type?

A

It’s dominated by the extracellular matrix and has a low cell density

23
Q

What determines the properties of different types of connective tissue?

A

The extracellular matrix

24
Q

What are the two functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Provide connection to various parts of the body
  • Provide support to various parts of the body
25
Q

What are the two main functions of connective tissue necessary for?

A

Multicellularity

26
Q

What underlies all epithelial tissue?

A

Connective tissue

27
Q

What is the main cell type in the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts

28
Q

How do fibroblasts contribute to the extracellular matrix?

A

They synthesize most of the extracellular matrix proteins

29
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the extracellular matrix of animals?

A

Collagen

30
Q

Where is collagen located to provide strong, durable support for the epidermis?

A

The underlying dermis

31
Q

What is the structure of collagen?

A

Composed of three polypeptides wound around each other in a triple helix

32
Q

What does a bundle of collagen molecules form?

A

A fibril

33
Q

What are fibrils assembles into?

A

Fibres

34
Q

What are multiple fibres assembled into?

A

Ligaments or tendons

35
Q

What does the misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggest?

A

That wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastin and collagen fibres

36
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

A specialized layer of extracellular matrix present beneath all epithelial tissues

37
Q

What makes up the basal lamina?

A

Several proteins, including a special type of collagen

38
Q

T or F: Cells continue to interact with the extracellular matrix long after they have synthesized it or moved into it.

A

True

39
Q

Some cellular responses are the result of interactions between the extracellular matrix and ___________ on the surface of cells?

A

Integrins

40
Q

What acts as receptors that relay signals from the extracellular matrix to the cell interior as the first step in the signal transduction pathway?

A

Integrins

41
Q

What happens to fibroblasts cultured on a two-dimensional surface coated with extracellular matrix proteins?

A

They attach to the matrix and flatten out

42
Q

What happens to fibroblasts cultured in a three-dimensional gel of extracellular matrix?

A

They look and behave like fibroblasts present in living connective tissues

43
Q

T or F: The structure and composition of the extracellular matrix has no influence on gene expression.

A

False

44
Q

Which element of the extracellular matrix can influence the expression of albumin by hepatocytes?

A

Laminin

45
Q

How does the level of milk protein (beta-casein) being secreted from mammary cells when grown in 2D vs 3D collagen matrices?

A

Mammary cells synthesis and secrete high levels of beta-casein when growth in a three-dimensional collagen matrix, but not in a two-dimensional collagen matrix

46
Q

What are non-malignant/benign tumours?

A

Encapsulated masses of cells that divide continuously because regulation of cell division has gone awry

47
Q

What are Malignant tumours?

A

Masses that contain cells able to metastasize and break away from the main tumour and travel to distant sites in the body

48
Q

What do metastatic tumour cells have an enhanced ability to adhere to?

A

Extracellular matrix proteins, especially those in the basal lamina

49
Q

What structure have many studies compared between metastatic and non-metastatic cancer cells in search for potential treatments?

A

The integrins

50
Q

In some types of cancers, what can integrins on the cell surface be used to indicate

A

The metastatic potential of cells

BIOL*1090 (15 decks)

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