Form and Function

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

study of biological form of an organism

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

study of biological functions an organism performs

Question 3

as animals get larger what happens to their skeletons/bodies?

Answer 3

they grow larger to accommodate the mass

Question 4

what traits are one dimensional?

Answer 4

linear

Question 5

what are examples of scaling factors that follow isometric predictions?

Answer 5

biting frog and chomping finches

Question 6

how forcefully can a biting frog bite?

Answer 6

~35 newtons, ~25% weaker than snapping adult turtle (for their size)

Question 7

true or false: Darwin finches bite harder than T. Rex?

Answer 7

true

Question 8

evolutionary convergence

Answer 8

different species adapt to similar environmental challenges

Question 9

what’s proportional to a cell’s SA?

Answer 9

rate of exchange of waste products, gas, and nutrients

Question 10

what’s proportional to a cell’s volume?

Answer 10

amount of exchange material

Question 11

describe multicellular organisms with sac-like body plans?

Answer 11

body walls that are only two cells thick,
facilitating diffusion of materials

Question 12

true or false: single-celled protist living in water has sufficient surface are of plasma membrane to service its entire volume of cytoplasm

Answer 12

true

Question 13

in flat animals the distance between the cells and the environment…?

Answer 13

is minimized, also in most flat animals

Question 14

what organisms have highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging materials?

Answer 14

more complex organisms

Question 15

hierarchal organization of body plan?

Answer 15

tissues–>organs–>organ systems

Question 16

four categories of tissues?

Answer 16

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 17

coordination and control rely on what systems?

Answer 17

endocrine and nervous

Question 18

endocrine system

Answer 18

transmits hormones to receptive cells in body

Question 19

homeostasis

Answer 19

main a steady state internationally regardless of external environment

Question 20

negative feedback

Answer 20

return to normal range

Question 21

positive feedback

Answer 21

amplifies stimulus

Question 22

when do the set pts of homeostasis change?

Answer 22

with age

Question 23

in plants and animals, what governs physiological changes that every 24 hours?

Answer 23

circadian rhythms

Question 24

thermoregulation

Answer 24

process maintaining internal temperature

Question 25

endothermic animals

Answer 25

animals generate hear
(birds and mammals)

Question 26

ectothermic animals

Answer 26

gain heat from external sources (most inverts, fishes, amphibians)

Question 27

advantage of endotherm? ectotherm?

Answer 27

endo: greater range of temp
ecto: gain heat from external

Question 28

body temp of poikilotherm

Answer 28

varies w/ environment

Question 29

body temp of hemotherm

Answer 29

relatively constant

Question 30

four processes by which organisms exchange heat?

Answer 30

radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction

Question 31

integumentary system

Answer 31

skin, hair, and nails; often involves heat regulation

Question 32

five adaptations to help maintain thermoregulation

Answer 32

insulation, circulatory adaptations, cooling by evap. heat loss, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic production

Question 33

insulation

Answer 33

skin feathers, fur; birds and mammals; reduce heat flow

Question 34

circulatory adaptation

Answer 34

regulation of blood flow near body surface

Question 35

vasodilation

Answer 35

blood flow in the skin increases facilitating heat loss

Question 36

cooling by evaporative heat loss

Answer 36

panting, sweating, bathing

Question 37

behavioral responses

Answer 37

(endo and ecto), some terrestrial invert. have postures that max/minimize absorption of solar heata

Question 38

adjusting metabolic production

Answer 38

thermogenesis, adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature (shivering)

Question 39

non-shivering thermogenesis

Answer 39

hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity

Question 40

thermoreg. is caused by what region of brain?

Answer 40

hypothalamus

Question 41

metabolic rate

Answer 41

amount of energy an animal uses/time (determined by heat loss)

Question 42

BMR

Answer 42

basal metab. rate; endo at rest (constant temp)

Question 43

SMR

Answer 43

standard metab. rate; ecto at rest (specific temp)

Question 44

Topor

Answer 44

activity low, meatbolism low

Question 45

hibernation

Answer 45

long-term torpor = adaptation to winter/cold and food scarcity