Neuro (Marin's version)

Question 1

what is the onion layer from outer layer to inner?

Answer 1

propriception, proprioception/motor, motor, urinary continence, deep pain

Question 2

whats the diffeence between disorentation, depressed, stuporus, and comatose

Answer 2

disorented: abnormak response to stimuli
depressed: decreasedresponse to normal stimuli
stuporus: eyes closed but they respond to being poked
comatose: poke them and they dont respond to noxious stimuli

Question 3

if the dog is circling, they circle _____ the lesion

Answer 3

towards

Question 4

ventroflexion of the neck indicates

Answer 4

metabolic issue: hypokalemia

Question 5

difference between decerebrate, decerebellate, schiff sherington posture

Answer 5

decerebrate: everything is stiff, very bad
decerebellate: hind legs are not stiff
schiff sherrington: front legs and neck stiff, back legs flaccid and flexed, problem with T3-L3 segment (think IVDD)

Question 6

whats the difference between sensory, cerebellar, and vestibular ataxia

Answer 6

sensory ataxia: weakness with swing and scuff
cerebellar: jerky and exaggerated
vestibular: drift, fall, roll, towards the side the head tilt is on

Question 7

LMN can be _________
UMN can be ________

Answer 7

LMN: decreased or absent

UMN: present or increased

Question 8

difference between a focal and generalized seizures?

Answer 8

focal: depends on a part of the brain, could be looking off into space, twitching, gone for a sec

generalized: more of a classic seizure, theyre “not with it”

Question 9

what is myoclonus

Answer 9

muscle contracting/twitching

Question 10

what is a tremor

Answer 10

twitching is irregular more all over and uneven, not just one msucle

Question 11

what is myotinia

Answer 11

looks like worms wiggling under the muscles, usually actual muscle problems and not neuro

Question 12

is this upper or lower motor neuron paresis:

• abnormal limb position, stiff, delayed protraction, spastic paresis, increased relfexes, increased resting muscle tone, late and mild muscle atrophy, slight resistance to limb movement

Answer 12

upper motor neuron

Question 13

is this upper or lower motor neuron paresis:

• difficulty supporting body weight or collapsed, short strides, flaccid paralysis, decreased to absent reflexes, decreased or absent muscle tone, decreased resistance to limb movement, early and severe neurogenic atrophy

Answer 13

LMN

Question 14

fill out the table for all the sections: C1-C5, C6-T2, T3-L3, L4-S3

consious proprioception forelimb:
consious proprioception hindlimb:
withdrawal reflex hind:
patellar relfex:
withdrawl reflexes forelimb:
other pathognmonic signs

Answer 14

Question 15

6 yo doodle acutely dragging his back left leg, has no consious proprioception in this leg, but has normal reflexes. his spinal rads are normal. localization and ddx? treatment?

Answer 15

L4-S3

fibrocartilaginous embolism

id wanna do an MRI if available

tx: supportive care and time, can do physio, most improve in a few weeks but can take months

Question 16

10 yo GSD presents for dragging his back legs and sways his back end when standing. ddx? tx?

Answer 16

degenerative myelopathy

rule out other things with rads

diagnosis of exclusion

tx: mobility support, physio

Question 17

what causes discospondylitis, how is it diagnosed, and whats the treatment

Answer 17

cause is usually systemic illness or infection from another source: UTI, bite wound, skin infection, endocarditis

WBC can be high or normal
should do blood and urine cultures–>treatment is 8 weeks so we need the right antibiotic

can be febrile

diagnose on rads

advanced imaging: MRI/CT, culture disc space

also need pain relief

Question 18

are rads a good diagnostic for spinal fractures and subluxations?

Answer 18

rads are not not super sensitive and cannot be used to reliable rule them out

Question 19

10 yo MN wire haired mixed breed presents for head tilt, not wanting to eat, falling over whilst trying to pee, wobbly. he has horizontal nystagmus. bunny hope test is all normal. ddx? dc? tx?

Answer 19

idipoathicvestibular

antinausea meds and supportive care, will go away

Question 20

how can you tell if a head tilt is peripheral vs central?

Answer 20

peripheral: no proprioceptive deficits, horizontal nystagmus

central: proprioceptive deficits, vertical, rotary, or horizontal nystagmus

Question 21

list some ddx for central causes for head tilt

Answer 21

storage disease, hydrocephalus, hyppthyroid, thiamine def, meningoencephalitis, metronidzole toxicirt, infectious, trauma

Question 22

list some ddx for peripheral causes for head tilt

Answer 22

otitis media/interna
idiopathic vestibular
hypothyroid
ototoxicity
trauma
neoplasia
congenital

Question 23

5 yo FS malamute presenting for seizures. possilble causes?

Answer 23

hypoglycemia
hepatic encephalopathy
uremic encpehalopathy
hypothyroidism
hypo or hyper natremia

Question 24

consider idiopathic epilepsy if:

Answer 24

2+ seizures a month, seizure longer than 5 mins, clusters of seizures (like 2 in 24hr period)

Question 25

how id idipathic epilselpy treated

Answer 25

phenobarb, KBr, Levetiracetam/keppra, diazepam for at home

Question 26

seizures in cats are most commonly cauaed by

Answer 26

infectious things

Question 27

horners in is usually

Answer 27

idiopathic

Question 28

whats wrong with the demon yorkie. how will you diagnose it

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IpxUWeE6l68

Answer 28

alantoaxial subluxation

do gentle flexed neck rads, ideally CT for surgery planning

Question 29

what is trigeminal neuritis

Answer 29

in older golden retrevers commonly, nonsuppurative neuritis, demylenation and axonal loss

ddx: rabies, encephalitis, trauma, neoplasia

dx: CSF

tx: supportive feedong

can go away in a few weeks