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DEOH102 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 layers of the meninges

A

Pia mater (Closest to brain )
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater (closest to skull bone )

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2
Q

From skull to brain name the dura and spaces

A

SKULL
EPIDURAL SPACE
duramater
SUBDURAL SPACE
Arachnoid matar
SUBARACHNOID SPACE
Pia mater
BRAIN

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3
Q

Name 2 structures in the diencephalon and their function

A

Thalamus- involved in relaying and processing sensory/motor function -memory/sleep/awake levels

Hypothalamus- links the nervous system to endocrine system ( via hormone release by pituitary gland)-AUTONOMIC functions -appetite /pleasure

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4
Q

Name 3 structures in the brainstem and their functions

A

Midbrain- top part
Pons- mid
Medulla oblongata-lowest part

(all function together regulating important body functions such as heart beat , breathing etc )

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5
Q

What is the brainstem

A

Connects the brain to the spinal cord - if cut-die

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6
Q

Name 3 meninges spaces and where they are found

A

Epidural - between skull and dura
Subdural- btw dura and arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space- btw arachnoid and Pia matar

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7
Q

What is the central nervous system made of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system

A

Gets incoming information from the body and evaluates it and initiates a response

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9
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

31 spinal nerve pairs + 12 cranial nerve pairs

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10
Q

What is the afferent division of the nervous system

A

All SENSORY information from receptors TO the Brain

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11
Q

What is the efferent division of the nervous system

A

All MOTOR information EXITING the brain

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12
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

Part of the Peripheral Nervous sytem
Controls skeletal muscle and external sensory receptors ( under voluntary control)
Voluntary and reflex activities

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13
Q

Do the receptors of the somatic system pass thru ganglion

A

No

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14
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system that
Controls smooth muscle ,cardiac and glands
( involuntary control)

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15
Q

Do the receptors of a autonomic nervous system pass thru ganglion

A

yes

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16
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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17
Q

What is the difference between the fibres to the ganglion in a sympathetic vs parasympathetic system

A

Sympathetic - preganglionic fibres short
-postganglionic fiber long

parasympathetic - pre ganglionic fibers long
-postganglionic fibers short

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18
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system function

A

fight to flight responses - ( increase Hr, decreases food digestion )
expendable

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19
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous systems function

A

Rest and repair - increases saliva release for digestion, gland secretions
Necessary for life

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20
Q

Name the 3 parts of a neuron and its job

A

Cell body ( soma) - contains genetic material
Axon - allows axonal transport-impulse conduit
Dendrite- stimulus receiver
( look at notes picture )

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21
Q

Name the parts of the neuron that make the nerve fibre

A

Axon and dendrite

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22
Q

What is found in the axon of a neutron

A

Neurofibrils ( bundles of neurofilaments )

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23
Q

How can neurons be classified

A

By function
- afferent (sensory )- take info To brain
-efferent( motor ) take info Out of brain
-Interneurons ( in CNS only ) - conduct the impose between the afferent and efferent neuron

or By Structure
Unipolar - sensory - 1 axon with 2 branches
Bipolar - special senses ,1 axon ,1 dendrite
Multipolar - most common in CNS - lots dendrites ,1 axon

24
Q

Where are interneurons found

A

In CNS only

25
Q

How are neurons classified by function

A
  • afferent (sensory )- take info To brain
    -efferent( motor ) take info Out of brain
    -Interneurons ( in CNS only ) - conduct the impose between the afferent and efferent neuron
26
Q

How are neurons classified by structure

A

Unipolar -sensory - single axon with 2 branches ( peripheral process that takes info from periphery to brain and central that takes to CNS )
Bipolar-1 axon,1 dendrite
Multipolar- most common , lots in CNS ,multi dendrites ,1 axon

( look at note picture )

27
Q

Name 6 glial cells

A

(Oh A MESS)
Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte
Microglia
Ependymal cell
Schwann cell
Satellite cell

28
Q

Name 4 central nervous system glia

A

Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte
Microglia
Ependymal cell

29
Q

Name 2 peripheral nervous system glia

A

Schwann cell
Satellite cell

30
Q

Name the function of a Oligodendrocyte

A

surround the nerve cell body and hold it together making a FATTY Myelin sheath

31
Q

Name the function of astrocytes

A

Attach to neurone and “feed “ them lactic acid from glucose.

32
Q

Name the function microglia

A

In CNS inflammation they phagocytose ( fight infection )

33
Q

Name job of Schwann cells

A

make myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system

34
Q

Name 2 glial cell diseases

A

Multiple sclerosis- demyelination disorder
Neurofibromatosis

35
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A

Myelin disorder ,glial cell disease
When myelin is destroyed so have gap lesions and so nerve impulses not transmitted

36
Q

What causes multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune

37
Q

What is the cure for multiple sclerosis

A

None but “ monoclonal Ab “ are being used recently to help

38
Q

What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A

Weakness and loss of coordination
vision and speech impairment

39
Q

Name 2 peripheral nervous system disporders

A

Acoustic neuroma - non cancer tumour of vestibular nerve -schwann cell lesion - dizzy hearing loss

Neurofibromatosis : elephant man “ - Schwann cell over stimulated and grow causing lesions and growths over body -genetic

40
Q

What is the node of Ranvier

A

Gap on axon between schwann cells where axon uncovered -allow fast impulse conduction

41
Q

what makes a reflex arc

A

single arc - 3 neurone -
1.afferent (sensory ) taking info from receptor ie finger on pin “pain”
2.interneuron - in CNS processes and makes a response to efferent neuron
3.efferent neuron via spinal nerve takes motor message to muscles to remove finger

42
Q

What is meningitis

A

Infection and Inflammation of the meninges - usually the Pia and arachnoid mater .
usually bacterial - maybe viral or tumour
Present headache ,fever, neck pain and stiffness
Can kill you

43
Q

What’s the function of the epidural space

A

Cushion brain hitting bone skull

44
Q

What’s the function of the subdural space

A

Lubricates with serous fluid

45
Q

What’s the function of the subarachnoid space

A

Cushions brain - lots of CSF here

46
Q

How much spinal fluid is there

A

140mls - 117 in subarachnoid space and 23mls in brain ventricles

47
Q

Name 2 functions of CSF

A

cushions brain from skull

Monitors internal environment changes eg CO2

48
Q

Where is CSF absorbed into blood stream

A

thru arachnoid villi into venous blood

49
Q

Name a condition affecting the CSF

A

Hydrocepahlus - brain swelling due to blockage of the flow out of CSF ( ie tumour )-> increasing pressures on brain –> death

50
Q

What is cerebral palsy

A

permanent damage to brain due to decreased blood flow due to trauma infection - so brain gets lack oxygen
Voluntary control of muscles lost

51
Q

Can glial cells divide

A

Yes

52
Q

What is the function of glial cells

A
  1. Support Neurons -function depend on type of glial cell
  2. isolate nerve fibers from each other
53
Q

Can neurons divide

A

No

54
Q

where are glial cells seen

A

Around neurone in central and peripheral nervous system - make 50% brain mass

55
Q

What 3 types of nerves are there?

A

Motor —-> muscle
Sensory—–> touch and taste
Parasympathetic—–> special sensation ie taste /secretions of glands

DEOH102 (25 decks)

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