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AP Biology / Honors Biology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds

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2
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process in which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy

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3
Q

which types of organisms undergo cellular respiration

A

both autotrophs and heterotrophs

all organisms

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4
Q

what happens when organic compounds are broken down into simpler compounds

A

energy is released

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5
Q

what is the energy released by the organic compound mostly used to do

A

produce ATP

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6
Q

the products of cellular respiration

there are THREE

A

CO2, water, and ATP

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7
Q

two stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis and aerobic respiration

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8
Q

glycolysis

A

a biochemical pathway in which one six-carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid

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9
Q

how photosynthesis and cellular respiration depend on each other

A

the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration, and the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration

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10
Q

anaerobic

A

does not require the presence of oxygen

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11
Q

aerobic respiration

A

pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make lots of ATP

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12
Q

what pyruvic acid undergoes with no oxygen present

A

fermentation

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13
Q

fermentation

A

the breakdown of pyruvic acid by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen

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14
Q

type of reaction in cellular respiration

A

redox

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15
Q

redox reaction

A

one reactant loses electrons and another gains electrons

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16
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6+6O2—> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

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17
Q

where the reactions of glycolysis take place

A

cytosol

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18
Q

step one glycolysis

A

two phosphate groups are attached to one molecule of glucose, ATP converted to ADP

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19
Q

step two glycolysis

A

6-carbon molecule split into two 3-carbon molecules of G3P

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20
Q

step three glycolysis

A

PGAL molecules lose electrons and receive another phosphate group, two molecules of NAD+ converted into NADH

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21
Q

step four glycolysis

A

all phosphate groups are removed from the molecule to make two molecules of pyruvic acid, the four released phosphates convert four ADP to four ATP

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22
Q

net yield of ATP in glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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23
Q

total ATP produced in glycolysis

A

4 ATP

24
Q

how many NADH molecules produced in glycolysis

A

2 NADH

25
Q

how NAD+ becomes NADH

A

electrons released through glycolysis attach to NAD+

26
Q

where pyruvic acid goes if there’s no oxygen

A

fermentation

27
Q

what fermentation regenerates

A

NAD+

28
Q

what fermentation does not produce

A

ATP

29
Q

how various fermentation pathways differ (2)

A

enzymes and products

30
Q

the two common fermentation pathways products

A

lactic acid and ethyl alcohol

31
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid

32
Q

what is used to make lactic acid

A

one hydrogen atom from NADH and one free hydrogen proton

33
Q

what happens to NADH in lactic acid fermentation

A

it is oxidized and converted to NAD+

34
Q

type of reaction that occurs in muscles during strenuous exercise

A

lactic acid fermentation

35
Q

organ where lactic acid is converted back into pyruvic acid

A

liver

36
Q

the liver

A

where lactic acid is converted back into pyruvic acid

37
Q

how many carbons in lactic acid

A

3

38
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

pyruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcohol

39
Q

organisms that use alcoholic fermentation

A

plant cells and unicellular organisms

40
Q

process of alcoholic fermentation (2 steps)

A

CO2 is removed from pyruvic acid, two hydrogen atoms added

41
Q

what is regenerated in alcoholic fermentation

A

NAD+

42
Q

one kilocalorie=? calories

A

1000

43
Q

efficiency of glycolysis=

A

energy required to make ATP/energy released by oxidation of glucose

44
Q

where pyruvic acid goes when oxygen is available

A

aerobic respiration

45
Q

aerobic respiration produces ?x as much ATP as glycolysis

A

20

46
Q

two stages of aerobic respiration

A

the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

47
Q

as glucose is oxidized NAD+ is…

A

converted into NADH

48
Q

the Krebs cycle, function

A

breaks down acetyl CoA

49
Q

where the Krebs cycle takes place (eukaryotes)

A

the mitochondria

50
Q

where the Krebs cycle takes place (prokaryotic)

A

None

51
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

the space inside the inner and outer membranes of a mitochondrion

52
Q

what the mitochondrial matrix contains

A

enzymes to catalyze the reactions of the Krebs cycle

53
Q

in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvic acid reacts with ? to form ?, and releases a ?

A

CoA, acetyl CoA, CO2 molecule

54
Q

products of the Krebs cycle (3)

A

CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP

55
Q

final electron acceptor of ETC

A

oxygen

56
Q

efficiency of cellular respiration=

A

energy required to make ATP/energy released by oxidation of glucose

AP Biology / Honors Biology (7 decks)

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