Photosynthesis Quizlet 2

Question 1

Photosynthesis

Answer 1

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

Question 2

C4 Plants

Answer 2

A plant that changes CO2 into a four carbon compound before entering the Calvin cycle for photosynthesis, is related to their unique leaf anatomy( 2 distinct bundle sheath cells and looselty arranges mesophyll cells), CO2 is incorporated into the mesophyll cells and PEP Carboxylase. (Sugarcane, Corn most Grasses)

Question 3

Consumers

Answer 3

an organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

Question 4

Autotrophs

Answer 4

organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds, and are thefore called producers.

Question 5

Heterotrophs

Answer 5

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products, and are therefore consumers.

Question 6

Chloroplasts

Answer 6

An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

Question 7

Chlorophyll

Answer 7

a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates, found mainly in the cells of the mesophyll

Question 8

Mesophyll

Answer 8

The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis because it contains most of the chlorophyll.

Question 9

Stomata

Answer 9

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange and some water vapor exchange .

Question 10

Stroma

Answer 10

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. (Where Calvin Cycle takes place).

Question 11

Thylakoids

Answer 11

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy

Question 12

Thylakoid Space

Answer 12

space within each thylakoid which is thought to be connected to the space within every other thylakoid

Question 13

Grana

Answer 13

A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis

Question 14

Guard cells

Answer 14

Specialized cells in the epidermis of the leaf that control the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure.

Question 15

Lignin

Answer 15

A hard material embedded in the cellulose matrix of vascular plant cell walls that functions as an important adaptation for support in terrestrial species.

Question 16

Van Niel

Answer 16

(Last name) Hypothesized that oxygen was released from water, not carbon dioxide, by using the fact that some bacteria use H2S instead of Water for photsynthesis., 20 years after scientists used a oxygen 18 as a radiotracer.

Question 17

Light Reactions

Answer 17

The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.

Question 18

Calvin Cycle

Answer 18

Also known as the dark reactions, , The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate by addition of electrons (Occurs in the Stroma)

Question 19

NADP+

Answer 19

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.

Question 20

Photophosphorylation

Answer 20

The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis

Question 21

Melvin Calvin

Answer 21

American scientist who worked out the details of the Calvin cycle

Question 22

Carbon Fixation

Answer 22

The incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism.

Question 23

Wavelength

Answer 23

The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Question 24

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Answer 24

arrangement of electromagnetic radiation–including radio waves, visible light from the Sun, gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet waves, infrared waves, and microwaves–according to their wavelengths

Question 25

Visible Light

Answer 25

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.

Question 26

Photons

Answer 26

a quantum of light; a discrete bundle of electromagnetic energy that interacts with matter similarly to particles

Question 27

Spectrophotometer

Answer 27

An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.

Question 28

Absorption Spectrum

Answer 28

Graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength

Question 29

Chlorophyll a

Answer 29

Main photosynthetic pigment in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Works best with violet- blue and red light work best for it. Also is blue green.

Question 30

Engelmann

Answer 30

the scientist that took algae, prism, light source, and exposed them to aerobic bacteria (which congregated near purple and red light, indicating that there’s the most oxygen there, and they are therefore the best colors for photosynthesis), and green is the least effective.

Question 31

Carotenoids

Answer 31

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis, and function in photoprotection

Question 32

Chlorophyll b

Answer 32

A type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.

Question 33

C3 Plants

Answer 33

More then 95 % of plants on the earth are this. A plant that changes C02 into a three carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate) before entering the Calvin cycle for photosynthesis. (Rice Wheat, Soybeans)

Question 34

Photoprotection

Answer 34

A process in which carotenoids absorb and dissipate exessive light energy that would otherwise damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen forming reactive oxidative molecules that are dangerous to the cell;

Question 35

Photosystem

Answer 35

in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, a cluster of chlorophyll and other pigment molecules that harvest light energy for the light reactions of photosynthesis

Question 36

Light Harvesting Complex

Answer 36

A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem.

Question 37

Photosystem 1

Answer 37

(Functions 2nd) Reaction Center is P700(far red), Uses Light to excite electrons and converts NADP to NAPDH, It has light dependent reactions, also spilts water to make Oxygen.

Question 38

Photosystem 2

Answer 38

(Functions 1st) Reaction Center is P680(red), a light reaction in which ATP and NADPH are formed

Question 39

Reaction Center

Answer 39

Complex of proteins associated with two special chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, one of the chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.

Question 40

Primary Electron Acceptor

Answer 40

A specialized molecule sharing the reaction center with the pair of reaction-center chlorophyll a molecules; it accepts an electron from one of these two chlorophylls.

Question 41

Noncyclic electron flow

Answer 41

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The net electron flow is from water to NADP+.

Question 42

P680

Answer 42

Chlorophyll a molecules that serve as the reaction center of Photosystem II, transferring photoexcited electrons to a primary acceptor; named by their absorption peak at 680 nm. If missing an electron it is the strongest biological oxidizing agent knwn.

Question 43

Plastocyanin

Answer 43

(connects 2 photosystems) small diffusable protein that receives e-‘s from photosystem II and transfers to photosystem I

Question 44

Plastoquinone

Answer 44

Transports the protons to the lumen of the thylakoid discs ,while the electrons continue through the chain into the cytochrome bf6 protein complex

Question 45

Cytochrome

Answer 45

an iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 46

Ferrodoxin

Answer 46

in photosystem I, the chlorophyll also absorbs light, and the excited electrons are donated to _____, a small, iron/sulfur-containing protein

Question 47

NADP+ reductase

Answer 47

enzyme that transfers a proton and two electrons from ferredoxin to NADP+, forming NADPH (2 ELECTRONS are required).

Question 48

Cyclic Electron Flow

Answer 48

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen. Makes up the differences in ATP required for the Calvin Cycle., and a rise in NADPH can contribute to a switch to this route.

Question 49

Chemiosmosis

Answer 49

in chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient(have to be more electronegative as you go down) across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP

Question 50

ATP Synthase

Answer 50

large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

Question 51

G3P

Answer 51

Raw material from which plants and other producers assemble glucose…this molecule is a product of the calvin cycle.

Question 52

Rubisco

Answer 52

Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 (carbon fixation) to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate). The product of the reaction is a 6 carbon intermediate( that is so unstable it immediately splits in half) forming 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. Is probably the most abundant protein on earth.

Question 53

1,3 biphosphoglycerate

Answer 53

2nd Step of Calvin Cycle a molecule produced by the phosphorylation(taken from ATP) of 3-phosphoglycerate. Thens the electrons from NADPH reduce the carboxyl group of this to make the aldehyde group of G3P.

Question 54

Photorespiration

Answer 54

A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.

Question 55

CAM Plants

Answer 55

A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed. Different from C4 plants in that carbon fixation occur in the same place just at different times. (Pineapples, Cacti, most Succulent plants)

Question 56

Bundle sheath cells

Answer 56

Cells in the leaves of C4 plants in which the four-carbon acids produced during carbon fixation are broken down to three-carbon acids and CO2.

Question 57

PEP Carboxylase

Answer 57

An enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in C4 plants. It acts prior to photosynthesis. It is good because it has NO affinity for oxygen (less photorespiration)

Question 58

Plasmodesmata

Answer 58

The mesophyll cells of a C4 plant export their 4 carbon compound to the bundle sheath cells through __________

Question 59

Plasmodesmata

Answer 59

An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells

Question 60

Crassulacean acid Metabolism

Answer 60

An adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. In this process, a plant takes up CO2 and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night; during the day, CO2 is released from organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle.

Question 61

50%

Answer 61

The percentage of organic material that is consumed by cellular repiration during photosynthesis