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ANS 328- Nutrition > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is the common name for vitamin B9

A

folate

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2
Q

what are the functions of folate

A

1-carbon metabolase

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3
Q

define 1-carbon metabolase

A

interconversion of glycine and serine
methionine cycle
nucleotide synthesis

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4
Q

what are the deficiencies of folate

A

anemia
reduced growth
poor reproduction

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5
Q

what is the common name for vitamin B12

A

cobalamin

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6
Q

what does cobalamin require

A

intrinsic factors

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7
Q

is B12 found in plant or animal sources

A

animal

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8
Q

what is cobalamin a cofactor for

A

methylmalonyl CoA mutase
methionine synthase

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9
Q

what are cobalamin deficiencies

A

decreased growth
anemia
poor reproduction

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10
Q

what is the common name for vitamin B7

A

biotin

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11
Q

what is biotin used to synthesized

A

acetyl CoA carboxylase
pyruvate carboxylase
propionyl CoA carboxylase
3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase

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12
Q

what are the deficiencies of biotin in non-ruminants

A

dermatitis
cracks in footpad
poor growth
loss of hair/feathers

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13
Q

what are the deficiencies of biotin in ruminants

A

hoof cracks
lesions

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14
Q

define avidin

A

protein in raw eggs that bind to biotin and make it unavailable

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15
Q

describe choline

A

originally vitamin B4 but no longer essential

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16
Q

what are the functions of choline

A

phospholipid synthesis
neurotransmission
chylomicron synthesis
methyl group donor

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17
Q

what is the common name for vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid

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18
Q

what are the functions of ascorbic acid

A

collagen synthesis
carnitine synthesis
norepinephrine synthesis
activation of peptide hormones
tyrosine oxidation
antioxidation

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19
Q

what is the deficiency of vitamin C

A

scurvy

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20
Q

what does scurvy cause

A

bruising/hemorrhaging
rough coat
painful joints
lethargy
dental issues

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21
Q

define mineral

A

inorganic elements required as nutrients

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22
Q

define macromineral

A

required in large quantities (>0.01%)

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23
Q

define micromineral

A

required in small quantities (<0.01%)

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24
Q

what are the macrominerals

A

calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
sodium
potassium
chloride

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25
Q

what are the functions of calcium

A

second messenger
enzyme activation
activates clotting factors
bone mineralization

26
Q

describe calcium deficiencies

A

impaired nerve and muscle functions

27
Q

what is a phosphate

A

oxygens attached to a phosphorus

28
Q

what are the functions of phosphorus

A

bone mineralization
oxidative phosphorylation
acid-base buffer
DNA-RNA
phospholipids
signaling molecule
reversible midification of protein
enzymatic reactions

29
Q

is phosphorylation activated or deactivated

A

deactivated

30
Q

what are deficiencies of phosphorus

A

pica (seeking out non-nutritional food, like wood

31
Q

describe rickets/osteomalacia

A

deficiency of Ca,P, Vitamin K, or a mixture of all
cause spongy, poorly mineralized bones

32
Q

what are the functions of magnesium

A

anion charge neutralization
cellular energy metabolism
nucleic acid and protein synthesis
second messenger
ion channels

33
Q

what are deficiencies of magnesium

A

grass tetany
convulsions
muscle twithcing

34
Q

what are sodium, potassium, and chloride

A

electrolytes

35
Q

what are the functions of electrolytes

A

nutrient transport
membrane potential
extracellular fluid volume

36
Q

what are the deficiencies of electrolytes

A

irregular heart beat
vomitting
diarrhea

37
Q

what are the microminerals

A

iodine
selinium
iron
zinc
copper
manganese
sulfur

38
Q

what are the functions of iodine

A

thyroid hormone synthesis

39
Q

what does the thyroid hormone need

A

tyrosine and iodine

40
Q

what is the deficiency of iodine

A

goiter (enlargement of thyroid)

41
Q

what is the active form of iodine

A

T3 form

42
Q

what are the functions of selineum

A

glutathione peroxidase
deiodinase
selenoprotein P (plasma)
selenoprotein W (muscle)

43
Q

describe the antioxidant function

A

takes oxygen from hydrogen peroxide and moves it

44
Q

describe deiodinase

A

activates thyroid hormone

45
Q

describe the toxicity of selenium

A

blind staggers
abnormal hoof and hair growth

46
Q

describe the deficiency of selenium

A

white muscle disease
liver necrosis

47
Q

how is iron stored and transported

A

stored: ferritin
transported: transferrin

48
Q

what are the functions of iron

A

heme proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, catalase)
proteins with iron-sulfur centers (aconitase)

49
Q

what is an iron deficiency

A

anemia

50
Q

what are the functions of zinc

A

metalloenzymes
zinc-finger proteins (causing folding of amino acid)
lymphocytes

51
Q

what are zinc deficiencies

A

decreased growth
dermatitis

52
Q

describe copper

A

required by all animals

53
Q

what are the functions of copper

A

Cu metalloenzymes
cytochrome C oxidase (oxidative phosphorylation)
neutrophils and T lymphocytes
iron metabolism
ceruloplasmin- allows for iron to bind to transferrin
bone and vascular functions
collagen and elastin synthesis

54
Q

what are the deficiencies of copper

A

anemia
hair depigmentation
reduced growth
aortic rupture
abnormal bone formation
ataxia
GI disturbances

55
Q

what are the functions of manganese

A

Mn metalloenzymes
gluconeogenesis
cartilage formation

56
Q

what are the deficiencies of manganese

A

defective bone formation
pyrosis (slipped disk)

57
Q

what makes up super dismutase

A

Zn+Cu+Mn

58
Q

what do super dismutase act as

A

an antioxidant that makes free radical oxygen into hydrogen peroxide

59
Q

what do gluthionine peroxidase and catalase do?

A

convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

60
Q

describe sulfur

A

required for microbial synthesis of sulfur-amino acids in rumen

61
Q

what are the deficiencies of sulfur

A

reduced weight gain
poor wool growth

ANS 328- Nutrition (15 decks)

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