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biochemistry > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

Branch of biochem that focuses on how cells tranform energy

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2
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed only converted

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3
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Entropy must increase of a reaction is to be spontaneous

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4
Q

What are energy releasing reactions called?

A

Exergonic

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5
Q

What are energy dependant reactions called?

A

Endergonic

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6
Q

What kind of reaction when ^G is negative?

A

Exergonic

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7
Q

What kind of reaction when ^G is positive?

A

Endergonic

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8
Q

Is the reaction spontaneous or not spontaneous in standard conditions when the reaction is endergonic (^G+)

A

Not spontaneous

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9
Q

Is the reaction spontaneous or not spontaneous in standard conditions when the reaction is exergonic (^G-)

A

Spontaneous

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10
Q

What is used to drive the synthesis of ATP?

A

Energy stored in NADH

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11
Q

What is NADH?

A

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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12
Q

What is FADH2?

A

Reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide

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13
Q

What are NADH and FADH2?

A

Reduced coenzymes

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14
Q

How can the cell regulate enzyme activity?

A

Change number of enzymes
Change catalytic activity of preexisting enzymes

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15
Q

How can the number of enzymes be regulated?

A

Through gene expression

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16
Q

Is the regulation og number of enzymes fast or slow

A

Slow

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17
Q

Can ATP be an allosteric regulator?

A

Yes for some enzymes (dependant on their allosteric and active site)

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18
Q

What can regulate catalytic activity?

A

Phosphorylation
Allosteric regulation
Control of substrate concentration

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19
Q

Why does the gamma bond in ATP give off the most energy?

A

Because the negative phosphates give high instability and thus high energy and there are more phosphates present when it is ATP instead of ADP

20
Q

Why is ATP so useful?

A

Because its an easy donor and easy acceptor so it transfers energy easily
Small molecule

21
Q

Are NAD and NADP usually freely diffusible or enzyme bound?

A

Freely diffusible

22
Q

Are FMN and FAD usually freely diffusible or enzyme bound?

A

Enzyme bound

23
Q

What do you produce in the catabolic pathways?

A

ATP

24
Q

Why does ATP have a high phosphoryl-transfer potential? (4)

A

Resonance stabilisation
Electrostatic repulsion
Increase in entropy
Stabilisation by hydration

25
Q

What is creatine kinase storage of?

A

Energy in the form of phosphate (energy from access ATP)

26
Q

Oxidation reactions involve the loss of what?

A

Electrons

27
Q

What can you get more energy out of: more reduced or more oxidated?

A

More reduced

28
Q

Why can you get more energy from fatty acids than glucose?

A

Because they ar more reduced

29
Q

Are fatty acids free to travel in the blood?

A

No they have to be bonded to albumin

30
Q

Which includes reduction, anabolism or catabolism?

A

Anabolism

31
Q

Which includes oxidation, anabolism or catabolism?

A

Catabolism

32
Q

Are ^G additive?

A

Yes

33
Q

Which reactions indirectly provide much of the energy needed to make ATP?

A

Oxidation-reduction

34
Q

Is NADP positive or negative?

A

Positive

35
Q

Equation for free energy change ^G=?

A

^G=^H-T^S

36
Q

Is the free energy change for a reaction dependant of the pathway by which the section occurs?

A

No, independant

37
Q

Which reactions are thermodynamically unfavourable?

A

Endergonic

38
Q

How can an endergonic reaction be driven in the forward direction?

A

By coupling it to a highly exergonic reaction

39
Q

2 forces all chemical reactions are influenced by

A

Tendency to achieve the most stable bonding state
Tendency to achieve the highest degree of randomness

40
Q

Why does ATP give off so much energy?

A

High energy bonds
Negative phosphate group gives high instability which gives more energy

41
Q

Why is ATP a good “middle man”?

A

Because it transfers energy easily
Easy donor and easy acceptor
Small molecule
Simple and easy reaction

42
Q

4 compounds aside from ATP with high-energy bonds

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Cr4eatine phosphate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Acetyl CoA

43
Q

4 universal electron carriers

A

NAD
NADP
FMN
FAD

44
Q

What are NAD, NADP, FMN and FAD?

A

Water-soluable coenzymes that undergo reversible oxidation and reduction

45
Q

What are activated carriers?

A

Molecules that can be split to release free energy

46
Q

What can a dietary deficiency of niacin cause?

A

Pellagra

biochemistry (28 decks)

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