Gluconeogenesis

Question 1

3 main sources for gluconeogesis

Answer 1

Amino acids
Lactate
Glycerol

Question 2

Where does glycerol go through glucogenogenesis to become glucose?

Answer 2

The liver

Question 3

What is the major organ for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 3

Liver

Question 4

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 4

Synthesis of glucose from simpler precursors

Question 5

How much glucose is needed by the body daily?

Answer 5

160g

Question 6

How much glucose does the brain need per day?

Answer 6

120g

Question 7

What is exogenous?

Answer 7

Dietary glucose

Question 8

3 sources of blood glucose

Answer 8

Dietary intake
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

Question 9

When does gluconeogenesis kick in?

Answer 9

At the absence of dietary glucose in the blood

Question 10

What is missing when the body goes from fasting to starvation?

Answer 10

Glycogen

Question 11

What is the only fuel for red blood cells?

Answer 11

Glucose

Question 12

What is the primary fuel for the brain?

Answer 12

Glucose

Question 13

Does the rate of glycolysis exceed the rate of oxidative metabolism?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

What is the main source of glucose during starvation?

Answer 14

The muscles, when you are starving you body breaks down muscles

Question 15

Which is the first molecule created in gluconeogenesis?

Answer 15

Pyruvate

Question 16

What 2 reactions can glycerol be used for?

Answer 16

Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis

Question 17

Other than the liver, where does gluconeogenesis take place?

Answer 17

Kidneys (10%)

Question 18

2 reasons why gluconeogenesis is not the mere reversal of glycolysis

Answer 18

Energetics
Reciprocal regulation

Question 19

How many irreversible steps in glycolysis must be bypassed in gluconeogenesis?

Answer 19

3

Question 20

Are gluconeogenesis and glycolysis identical pathways?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

Where is oxaloacetate formed?

Answer 21

In the mitochondria

Question 22

What is oxaloacetate reduced to?

Answer 22

Malate

Question 23

What enzymes uses NADH to reduce oxaloacetate to malate?

Answer 23

Malate dehydrogenase

Question 24

When is gluconeogenesis predominant over glycolysis?

Answer 24

If glucose is required

Question 25

When is glycolysis predominant over gluconeogenesis?

Answer 25

If ATP is required

Question 26

2 molecules that activate glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis?

Answer 26

F-2,6 BP AMP

Question 27

What molecule activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis?

Answer 27

Citrate

Question 28

What does ATP inhibit?

Answer 28

PFK-1

Question 29

How does ATP inhibit PFK-1?

Answer 29

By binding to the allosteric site

Question 30

What does high concentrations of citrate increase?

Answer 30

The inhibitory effect of ATP

Question 31

What does high ATP slow?

Answer 31

Glycolysis

Question 32

What does high ATP speed up?

Answer 32

Gluconeogenesis

Question 33

Which carbon in glucose is the reducing end?

Answer 33

Carbon 1

Question 34

What are glycogenic amino acids?

Answer 34

Amino acids which are able to undergo net conversion to glucose

Question 35

Can mammals convert fatty acids into glucose?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

Can plants and microorganism convert fatty acids into glucose?

Answer 36

Yes

Question 37

Where is glyceroneogenesis carried out?

Answer 37

In adipocytes

Question 38

What is glyceroneogenesis?

Answer 38

Conversion of pyruvate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate Different sources for glucose

Question 39

Why are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis reciprocally regulated?

Answer 39

So that they don't occur simultaneously in a futile cycle

Question 40

What is it called when glucose is scarce?

Answer 40

Hypoglycemia

Question 41

What determines whether glycolysis or gluconeogenesis will be most active?

Answer 41

Energy charge

Question 42

Which will be favored if ATP is required, glycolysis or gluconeogenesis?

Answer 42

Glycolysis

Question 43

Which will be favored if glucose is required, glycolysis or gluconeogenesis?

Answer 43

Gluconeogenesis

Question 44

Which hexokinase are inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate?

Answer 44

Hexokinase I Kexokinase II Hexokinase III

Question 45

Which hexokinase is not inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate?

Answer 45

Hexokinase IV

Question 46

Different name for hexokinase IV

Answer 46

GLucokinase

Question 47

What inhibits PFK-1?

Answer 47

ATP

Question 48

What is fructose 2,6-biphosphate a potent allosteric regulator of?

Answer 48

PFK-1 and FBPase-1

Question 49

What does glucagon signal?

Answer 49

That the liver should produce and release more glucose

Question 50

What does insulin signal?

Answer 50

That the liver should use glucose as fuel

Question 51

When is glucagon released?

Answer 51

When blood glucose levels decrease

Question 52

When is insulin released?

Answer 52

When blood glucose levels increase

Question 53

What does fructose 2,6-biphosphate stimulate?

Answer 53

Gluconeogenesis