Carbohydrates

Question 1

3 functions of carbohydrates

Answer 1

Source of energy
Structure
Receptors/information molecules

Question 2

4 monosaccharides

Answer 2

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Ribose

Question 3

How many monomers are in a oligosaccharide?

Answer 3

3-9

Question 4

How many monomers are in a polysaccharide?

Answer 4

> 9

Question 5

4 classes of carbohydrates

Answer 5

Momosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 6

Can carbonhydrates have multiple chiral carbons?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Can carbs both have branched and linear structures?

Answer 7

Yes (unlike protein which is only linear)

Question 8

Are polysaccharides identical?

Answer 8

No, they are only similar but always unique

Question 9

How can carbohydrates be linked to proteins and lipids?

Answer 9

Covalently

Question 10

What are the functional groups that carbohydrates can have?

Answer 10

Aldehydes
Ketones

Question 11

What functional groups do all carbohydrates always have?

Answer 11

Carbonyl

Question 12

On which side is the OH (hydroxyl) group in a D-carbohydrate?

Answer 12

The right

Question 13

On which side is the OH (hydroxyl) group in a L-carbohydrate?

Answer 13

The left

Question 14

What is D-ribose important for?

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

What are stereoisomers?

Answer 15

Nonsuperimposable mirror images

Question 16

What are D and L isomers of sugars?

Answer 16

Enantiomers

Question 17

What are enantiomers?

Answer 17

Stereoisomers that are reflections of eachother, mirror images

Question 18

What are epimers?

Answer 18

Stereoisomers that differ at only one chiral center
They are not mirror images

Question 19

Are epimers enantiomers?

Answer 19

No, as they are not mirror images

Question 20

Which structure do most carbohydrates have in our body?

Answer 20

Cyclic

Question 21

What are hemiacetals and hemiketals?

Answer 21

Derivatives formed by a reaction between alcohol and aldehyde for ketones which also forms the ring structure in a carbohydrate

Question 22

What are the products od the second alcohol molecule addition in carbohydrates?

Answer 22

Acetal or ketal
Forms a glycosidic bond

Question 23

Difference between pyranoses and furanoses?

Answer 23

One is hexagon the other is a pentagon (they have the same number of carbons overall)

Question 24

Does glucose travel freely in the blood?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

What are reducing sugers?

Answer 25

Sugars that have free aldehyde groups that can reduce things

Question 26

Are all sugars reducing sugars?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Can the bond in sucrose easily be cleaved?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

Can the bond in lactose easily be cleaved in the body?

Answer 28

In babies yes but that often goes away in humans

Question 29

2 main types of polysaccharides?

Answer 29

Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides

Question 30

Can polysaccharides be both linear and branched?

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

What is the monomer of glycogen?

Answer 31

Glucose

Question 32

How many monomers og glucose in glycogen?

Answer 32

We don't know, depends on number of glucose available and so on

Question 33

How often is glycogen branched?

Answer 33

Every 8-12th branch

Question 34

What bonds create glycogen?

Answer 34

Alpha1->4 (linear) Alpha1->6 (branch)

Question 35

2 components of starch

Answer 35

Amylose Amylopectin

Question 36

Is amylose linear or branched?

Answer 36

Linear

Question 37

Is amylopectin linear or branched?

Answer 37

Branched

Question 38

Is starch a big molecule?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

What bonds create starch?

Answer 39

Alpha1->4 (linear, amylose) Alpha1->6 (branch, amylopectin)

Question 40

What bonds create cellulose?

Answer 40

Beta1->4

Question 41

Why does cellulose favour the straight chains structure?

Answer 41

Because the angles are most stable at 180*

Question 42

Why does starch and glycogen favour the bent structure?

Answer 42

Because the angles are most stable at 60*

Question 43

Are glucagon and starch soluble?

Answer 43

No they are insoluble

Question 44

Are all polysaccharides insoluble?

Answer 44

no

Question 45

Can we digest beta1->4 bonds?

Answer 45

No

Question 46

How many reducing and non-reducing ends when 2 monomer sugars bind together?

Answer 46

2 non-reducing 0 reducing

Question 47

What is a glycoprotein?

Answer 47

A protein with small oligosaccharides attached One or more carbohydrate groups covalently attached

Question 48

Where does the glycosylation happen?

Answer 48

In the golgi

Question 49

Function of carbohydrates on glycoproteins

Answer 49

Assist protein folding Enhance protein solubility Stabilise against denaturation Protect from proteolytic degradation Target protein specific sub cellular location Recognition signal for carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins)

Question 50

N-linked glycoproteins are when the carbohydrate binds to what

Answer 50

Aperigine

Question 51

O-linked glycoproteins are when the carbohydrate binds to what

Answer 51

Serine or theorinine

Question 52

Are N-linked carbohydrates branched or linear

Answer 52

Branched

Question 53

Are O-linked carbohydrates branched or linear

Answer 53

Linear in general but can be branched

Question 54

Which carbohydrate is attached to A antigen blood type?

Answer 54

N-aceltylgalactosamine

Question 55

Which carbohydrate is attached to B antigen blood type?

Answer 55

Galactose

Question 56

Which carbohydrate is attached to AB antigen blood type?

Answer 56

N-aceltylgalactosamine and galactose

Question 57

Which carbohydrate is attached to O antigen blood type?

Answer 57

None

Question 58

Which integral membrane proteins are receptors for extracellular proteoglycans?

Answer 58

Integrins

Question 59

Does amylase form helices on its own?

Answer 59

No