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N320 Biology Honors > Biology4-2 > Flashcards

Biology4-2 Flashcards

1
Q

reactants of photosynthesis

A

light, carbon dioxide, and water

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2
Q

products of photosynthesis

A

carbohydrates and oxygen

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3
Q

reactants of the light reactions

A

H20, light, NADP+, ADP+P

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4
Q

products of the light reactions

A

ATP, NADPH, O2

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5
Q

reactants of the Calvin Cycle

A

CO2, ATP, NADPH

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6
Q

products of the Calvin Cycle

A

sugar, NADP+, ADP+P

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7
Q

Why must photosynthesis produce sugar instead of directly outputting ATP or NADPH to the cell?

A

ATP and NADPH cannot be stored for later use

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8
Q

stomata

A

hole in leaf that allows H2) and O2 to move out and CO2 to move in

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9
Q

cuticle

A

waxy outer layer that prevents water loss

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10
Q

guard cells

A

open stomata when there is H2) present

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11
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

contains cells with chloroplasts

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12
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

provides air space within leaf

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13
Q

vein

A

transports H20 and nutrients to plant

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14
Q

xylem

A

transports nutrients within plant veins

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15
Q

phloem

A

transports water within plant veins

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16
Q

upper/lower epidermis

A

outer cell layers of the leaf

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17
Q

bundle sheath

A

surround vein in C4 plants

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18
Q

outer membrane

A

outer phospholipid bilayer of a chloroplast

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19
Q

intermembrane space

A

open region between the two phosopholipid bilayers of a chloroplast

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20
Q

inner membrane

A

inner phospholipid bilayer of a chloroplast

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21
Q

stroma

A

aqueous fluid (comprised mostly of water) that makes up the interior of a chloroplast; where the Calvin Cycle occurs; contains enzymes needed for Calvin Cycle, cpDNA, cpRNA, and cp ribosomes

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22
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

in the stroma

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23
Q

lumen

A

space inside a thylakoid

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24
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

contains chlorophyll pigments; where light reactions occur

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25
Q

Where do the light reactions occur?

A

in the thylakoid membrane

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26
Q

granum

A

stack of thylakoids

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27
Q

lamellae

A

long structures connecting thylakoids

28
Q

starch molecule

A

a product of the Calvin Cycle

29
Q

cp ribosome

A

makes cp proteins

30
Q

cpDNA

A

the chloroplast’s own DNA

31
Q

cpRNA

A

instructions to make proteins within the chloroplast

32
Q

plastoglobule

A

drop of lipids; product of Calvin Cycle

33
Q

Where are pigments found in the chloroplast?

A

the thylakoids

34
Q

What are stacks of thylakoids called?

A

grana

35
Q

Where are the thylakoids found in bacteria cells?

A

in the cytoplasm

36
Q

Where are grana found?

A

within the chloroplasts of algae and plants

37
Q

What is contained in the stroma?

A

enzymes needed for Calvin Cycle, cpDNA, cpRNA, and cp ribosomes

38
Q

light

A

electric and magnetic vibrations

39
Q

What determines the color and energy of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

wavelength

40
Q

What wavelengths have lower energy?

A

long wavelengths have low energy

41
Q

What wavelengths have higher energy?

A

short wavelengths have high energy

42
Q

What frequencies have lower energy?

A

low frequencies have low energy

43
Q

What frequencies have higher energy?

A

high frequencies have high energy

44
Q

What wavelengths correspond to low frequencies?

A

long wavelengths correspond to low frequencies

45
Q

What wavelengths correspond to high frequencies?

A

short wavelengths correspond to high frequencies

46
Q

What frequencies correspond to long wavelengths?

A

low frequencies correspond to long wavelengths

47
Q

What frequencies correspond to short wavelengths?

A

high frequencies correspond to short wavelengths

48
Q

What are the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of least to most energy?

A

radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma

49
Q

What is the order of the colors of the visible spectrum from lowest to greatest energy?

A

red, orange, yellow, blue, green, indigo, and violet

50
Q

pigments

A

molecules that change when they absorb visible light (release e-) (the change may be reversed)

51
Q

What spectrums would provide the greatest energy for living organisms?

A

UV, x-ray, and gamma

52
Q

Why can organisms not use UV, x-ray, and gamma to get more energy than from visible light?

A

nothing has evolved that can absorb the energy without being harmed or mutated

53
Q

What are the pigments in chloroplasts?

A

chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, carotenoids, and rhodopsin

54
Q

What colors of light does chlorophyll A absorb?

A

violet, blue, orange, and red light

55
Q

What colors of light does chlorophyll B absorb?

A

blue, indigo, and some orange and red light

56
Q

What color of light do carotenoids absorb?

A

all colors of light except green, red, and yellow

57
Q

What type of pigment are carotenoids?

A

accessory pigments

58
Q

What is special about carotenoids?

A

they break down later in the year, giving plants their fall colors

59
Q

Where is rhodopsin found?

A

some bacteria and the eyes of animals

60
Q

Why do plants have multiple pigments?

A

to avoid wasted energy

61
Q

What affects the light absorbed by different pigment molecules?

A

the size of the pigment molecules

62
Q

What are the three major energy conversions in photosynthesis?

A

absorption of light energy, conversion of light energy into chemical energy, storage of chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates

63
Q

What are the two major reaction groups in photosynthesis?

A

light reactions and the Calvin Cycle

64
Q

What happens in the light reactions?

A
  • pigment molecules absorb light in the thylakoid membrane- water is split into 2H-, 2e-, and 1/2O2- light in converted to chemical energy in photosystems
65
Q

What happens in the Calvin Cycle?

A

3-carbon sugars are created from the chemical energy from the light reactions and CO2- 3-carbon sugars combine to produce 6-carbon sugars (glucose)

66
Q

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + H2) –> C6H12O6 + 602

67
Q

How many Calvin Cycles does it take to produce a 12 carbon sugar?

A

4

N320 Biology Honors (15 decks)

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