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N320 Biology Honors > BiologyC1Swavely > Flashcards

BiologyC1Swavely Flashcards

from Mr. Swavely's Quizlet group

1
Q

Biochemistry

A

Chemistry dealing with chemical compounds and processes in living plants and animals

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2
Q

atom

A

Basic unit of matter

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3
Q

proton

A

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

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4
Q

electron

A

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

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5
Q

neutron

A

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

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6
Q

compound

A

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

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7
Q

molecule

A

A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

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8
Q

element

A

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

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9
Q

periodic table

A

A table that shows the elements, their atomic number, symbol, and average atomic mass; elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together.

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10
Q

subatomic particles

A

Particles inside an atom (protons, neutrons, electrons)

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11
Q

atomic number

A

Number of protons in an atom

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12
Q

atomic mass

A

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

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13
Q

isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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14
Q

electron shells

A

An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.

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15
Q

chemical bond

A

An attractive force that holds together the atoms, ions, or groups of atoms in a molecule or compound.

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16
Q

chemical reaction

A

A process during which chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed. Producing one or more different substances.

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17
Q

synthesis reaction

A

A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound

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18
Q

decomposition reaction

A

A reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances

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19
Q

single replacement reaction

A

A chemical reaction that occurs when the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound

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20
Q

activation energy

A

The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.

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21
Q

substrate

A

A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

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22
Q

product

A

A chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction

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23
Q

law of conservation of matter

A

Matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions

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24
Q

cell

A

Basic unit of life

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25
Q

ionic bond

A

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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26
Q

covalent bond

A

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

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27
Q

hydrogen bond

A

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

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28
Q

anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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29
Q

cation

A

A positively charged ion

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30
Q

chemical formula

A

A combination of symbols that represents the elements in a compound.

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31
Q

structural formula

A

A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds.

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32
Q

cohesion

A

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

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33
Q

isomer

A

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

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34
Q

glucose

A

C6H12O6

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35
Q

hydronium ion

A

H3O+

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36
Q

hydrogen ion

A

H+

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37
Q

hydroxide ion

A

OH-

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38
Q

pH scale

A

Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14

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39
Q

base

A

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

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40
Q

acid

A

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

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41
Q

neutral

A

7

42
Q

solvent

A

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

43
Q

solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

44
Q

solution

A

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

45
Q

organic

A

Contain carbon and hydrogen, and formed by living things or once living things

46
Q

inorganic

A

Not formed from living things or the remains of living things

47
Q

monomer

A

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

48
Q

polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

49
Q

macromolecule

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

50
Q

carbon skeleton

A

The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

51
Q

monosaccharide

A

A single sugar molecule such as glucose, fructose, or galactose; the simplest type of sugar.

52
Q

disaccharide

A

A molecule composed of two monosaccharides. Common disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

53
Q

polysaccharide

A

A molecule formed by joining many monosaccharides together. Typically energy-storage molecules (glycogen in animals, starch in plants) or structural molecules (cellulose in plants, chitin in exoskeletons).

54
Q

pentose

A

5 carbon sugar

55
Q

hexose

A

6 carbon sugar

56
Q

lipid

A

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

57
Q

hydrophobic

A

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

58
Q

glycerol

A

Three-carbon compound with three hydroxyl groups; component of fats and oils.

59
Q

fatty acid

A

A long carbon skeleton, with usually 16-18 carbons, at the end has a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon

60
Q

nonpolar

A

a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal

61
Q

saturated

A

Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens.

62
Q

hydrogenated

A

a process by which hydrogens are added to unsaturated fats, increasing the degree of saturation and turning liquid oils into solid fats

63
Q

unsaturated

A

Fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty acid chains

64
Q

phospholipid

A

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

65
Q

cholesterol

A

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

66
Q

protein

A

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

67
Q

amino acid

A

Building blocks of protein

68
Q

enzyme

A

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

69
Q

R group

A

a functional group that defines a particular amino acid and gives it special properties.

70
Q

amino group

A

A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.

71
Q

acid group

A

contains carbon double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to another oxygen, and has a negative charge

72
Q

carboxyl group

A

-COOH

73
Q

primary structure

A

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

74
Q

secondary structure

A

The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between amino acids.

75
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D shape of single polypeptide using hydrogen, hydrophobic forces, ionic, covalent, disulfide bonding

76
Q

hydrophobicity

A

the tendency for nonpolar amino acids to avoid water

77
Q

quaternary

A

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

78
Q

denaturation

A

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.

79
Q

nucleic acid

A

Any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells

80
Q

nucleotide

A

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

81
Q

DNA

A

A long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; deoxyribonucleic acid

82
Q

RNA

A

A long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; ribonucleic acid

83
Q

purine

A

Adenine and Guanine that consist of two organic nitrogen ring structures

84
Q

pyrimidine

A

A class of nucleotides that includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil, 1 nitrogen ring

85
Q

phosphate group

A

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms

86
Q

double helix

A

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.

87
Q

James Watson

A
  1. Built first accepted DNA model explaining specific structure and properties of DNA.
88
Q

Francis Crick

A

English biochemist who (with Watson in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (born in 1916)

89
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

British scientist; use X-ray diffraction on a DNA molecule; research wasn’t clear; she was not credited with the discovering of the double helix

90
Q

Maurice Wilkins

A

Worked to make an X-ray crystallography of DNA and found it to be a double helix of uniform diameter (~ 2nm) with Rosalind Franklin

91
Q

adenine

A

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA

92
Q

thymine

A

A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA. Pairs with Adenine.

93
Q

guanine

A

A nitrogen-containing organic base found in nucleic acids. It pairs with cytosine.

94
Q

cytosine

A

A nucleotide that binds with guanine; a pyrimidine

95
Q

uracil

A

a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine

96
Q

antiparallel

A

The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.

97
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

98
Q

mRNA

A

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein

99
Q

rRNA

A

A globular RNA that is combined with special protein that makes up a ribosome

100
Q

gene

A

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

101
Q

codon

A

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

N320 Biology Honors (15 decks)

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