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N320 Biology Honors > BiologyMidtermVocabSwavely > Flashcards

BiologyMidtermVocabSwavely Flashcards

from Mr. Swavely's Quizlet group

1
Q

biology

A

Study of life

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2
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome caused by HIV

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3
Q

growth hormone

A

A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that targets all cells in the body. Growth hormone stimulates whole body growth in children and adolescents, adn increases cell turnover rate in adults.

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4
Q

bioethics

A

Branch of study of moral issues, questions, & problems arising in the practice of medicine & biomedical research is called

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5
Q

evolution

A

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

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6
Q

scientific method

A

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

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7
Q

hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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8
Q

theory

A

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world.

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9
Q

law

A

A statement that summarizes or describes the observations about our world and experiments

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10
Q

natural selection

A

Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

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11
Q

adaptation

A

A characteristic that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

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12
Q

variation

A

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

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13
Q

pseudoscience

A

A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence.

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14
Q

law of conservation of matter

A

Mass cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.

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15
Q

atom

A

Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

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16
Q

atomic mass

A

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

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17
Q

atomic number

A

Number of protons in an atom

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18
Q

molecule

A

A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

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19
Q

element

A

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

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20
Q

compound

A

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

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21
Q

proton

A

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

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22
Q

nucleus

A

A cell structure that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct all the cell’s activities.

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23
Q

neutron

A

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

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24
Q

electron

A

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

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25
Q

chemical reaction

A

A process during which chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed. Producing one or more different substances.

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26
Q

activation energy

A

Energy needed to get a reaction started

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27
Q

ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge.

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28
Q

isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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29
Q

chemical bonds

A

Atoms form bonds when their valence electrons interact; covalent, ionic, hydrogen

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30
Q

pH scale

A

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14. O is most acidic + and 14 is most basic + or akaline.

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31
Q

biochemistry

A

Chemistry dealing with chemical compounds and processes in living plants, animals, fungi, protists, and bacteria

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32
Q

carbohydrate

A

Class of organic compounds containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; provide short term or long term energy

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33
Q

lipid

A

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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34
Q

protein

A

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

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35
Q

enzyme

A

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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36
Q

amino acid structure

A

central carbon, hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl group, R group

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37
Q

nucleic acid

A

any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells

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38
Q

nucleotide

A

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

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39
Q

RNA

A

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

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40
Q

DNA

A

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

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41
Q

gene

A

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

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42
Q

free energy

A

Energy that is available to do work

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43
Q

chemical energy

A

A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.

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44
Q

ATP

A

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

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45
Q

photosynthesis

A

Plants use the sun’s energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

46
Q

cellular respiration

A

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

47
Q

producer

A

An organism that can make its own food.

48
Q

consumer

A

An organism that eats other organisms

49
Q

decomposer

A

An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

50
Q

autotroph

A

Use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.

51
Q

heterotroph

A

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.

52
Q

food web

A

A complex arrangement of interrelated food chains illustrating the flow of energy between interdependent organisms.

53
Q

food chain

A

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

54
Q

biotic

A

Describes living factors in the environment.

55
Q

abiotic

A

Any nonliving component of an environment

56
Q

ecosystem

A

A community of interdependent organisms and the physical environment they inhabit.

57
Q

habitat

A

An area that provides an organism with its basic needs for survival.

58
Q

biosphere

A

All the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things; sum of all Earth’s ecosystems

59
Q

biome

A

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

60
Q

entropy

A

A measure of the amount of disorder, chaos or randomness in a system; the greater the disorder, the higher the level of entropy.

61
Q

bioenergetics

A

(1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms.

62
Q

metabolism

A

A set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes

63
Q

digestion

A

Breakdown of food substances into monomer form that can be absorbed and used

64
Q

biosynthesis

A

Making of complex molecules/cellular structure

65
Q

decomposition

A

A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products.

66
Q

exothermic

A

Chemical Reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat

67
Q

endothermic

A

Describes a reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings

68
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

69
Q

hydrolysis

A

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

70
Q

cell theory

A

the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms

71
Q

organelle

A

A sub unit within a cell that has a specialized function.

72
Q

cell parts and functions

A

Nucleus, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, nuclear membrane, chloroplast, cell wall, etc

73
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

74
Q

diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

75
Q

concentration gradient

A

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance or membrane

76
Q

chemiosmosis

A

An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.

77
Q

active transport

A

The movement of a substance across a biological membrane negating its concentration gradient with the help of energy input (ATP) and specific transport proteins.

78
Q

passive transport

A

Requires no energy in the form of ATP; movement of molecules from high to low concentration; moves down the concentration gradient

79
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Another type of passive transport, used for molecules that cannot readily diffuse through cell membranes using protein channels or transport proteins

80
Q

endocytosis

A

Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell’s plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell.

81
Q

exocytosis

A

A process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the external environment. Transports to outside of cell using ATP

82
Q

pinocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

83
Q

phagocytosis

A

process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris

84
Q

transpiration

A

Loss of water from a plant through its leaves

85
Q

chloroplast structure

A

Outer membrane, Inner membrane (thylakoid), stacked thylakoid (grana), solution (stroma)

86
Q

mitochondria structure

A

Made up of two separate phospholipid membranes. These two membranes make up an outer membrane, outer-mitochondrial matrix, inner membrane and inner matrix. The inner membrane consists of cristae which house proteins used to synthesize ATP.

87
Q

Calvin cycle

A

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

88
Q

light reactions

A

The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.

89
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

90
Q

bundle sheath

A

In C4 plants, a type of photosythetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.

91
Q

CAM, C3, C4

A

Types of photosynthesis

92
Q

aerobic respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

93
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration that does not require oxygen

94
Q

Kreb’s cycle

A

in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy

95
Q

electron transport chain

A

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

96
Q

glycolysis

A

Catabolism of glucose into 2 pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of NADH in the absence of oxygen. Occurs with or without oxygen in the cytoplasm.

97
Q

fermentation

A

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

98
Q

brown fat

A

Fat in the neck and between the shoulders that Is specialized for rapid heat production. Found in infants and newborns, less common in adults.

99
Q

eukaryote

A

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

100
Q

prokaryote

A

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

101
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Began to construct a double helix that confirmed Franklins data and later discoveries about DNA.

102
Q

Virchow

A

All cells come from existing cells

103
Q

Lamarck

A

Presented first theory of evolution,1809; Believed evolutionary changes were caused by organisms actively adapting themselves to environmental conditions; Ideas disproved by Weissman and Darwin

104
Q

Darwin

A

A biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859). He argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.

105
Q

Dalton

A

English chemist and physicist who formulated atomic theory and the law of partial pressures

106
Q

Schwann and Schleiden

A

two men whose work found that all life was made of cells

107
Q

Hooke

A

British scientist who examined cork through a microscope, coined the term “cell” because what he saw reminded him of the rooms in a monastery

108
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A

First to see organisms under a microscope; animalcules

109
Q

Brown

A

discovered the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

110
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA

N320 Biology Honors (15 decks)

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