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YEAR 3 NICE > year 3 physiology > Flashcards

year 3 physiology Flashcards

1
Q

main function of ependymal cells

A

production of CSF as part of the choriod plexus

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2
Q

what cells degeneraet in MS

A

oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

where is CSf contained

A

within subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord

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4
Q

what cells form the blood cerebral spinal fluid barrier

A

ependymal

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5
Q

what cells regualte the compostion of CSF

A

ependymal

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6
Q

foramen from 4th venricle to subarahnoid space or central canal

A

luschka and megendie

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7
Q

where does csf get drained to

A

superior saggital venous sinus through arachnoid villi

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8
Q

communicating hydrocephalus is casued by

A

imbalance in csf production and absorption - most commonly inaqdeqaute reasbsorption into teh dural venous sinuses as the fucntion of teh arachnoid villi is impaired

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9
Q

non communicating hydrocephalus is due to

A

obstruction of CSf outflow - most likely to occur at the foramens, cerebal aqueduct etc

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10
Q

glutamate and GAba are what

A

amino acids

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11
Q

acetylocholine plays a role in

A

attention

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12
Q

what drugs can cause memory loss and have the potential to become addicitve hence they are only prescribed for short term use

A

Benzodiazepines

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13
Q

what is a ganglion

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

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14
Q

parasympathetic system only uses

A

acetylocholine where symapthetic used actelycholien and noraderenalien

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15
Q

what ion has greates influence of the resting membrane potential

A

K

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16
Q

what is not involved in the repolarisation process following an action potential

A

Na/K ATPase

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17
Q

action potentials can only occur where

A

nodes of ranvier

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18
Q

how does myelin sheath speed up conduction

A

increaseing the membrane resistance and reducing memebrane capacitance

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19
Q

does dopamine exert an excitatory or inhibitoryy effect

A

both!

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20
Q

glutamate and gaba both act on inotropic but gaba also works on what receptors

A

metabotropic

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21
Q

electroencephalogram measure what in epilepsy

A

excitatory or inhibitory transmission

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22
Q

schwan cell is ony able to myelinate

A

one single axon

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23
Q

what has a high memebrane resistance and reduces teh capitance of the axon

A

myelin

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24
Q

long term potentiation is also know as

A

tetanus - requires strong activity in both presynatpic and postsynaptic neurones

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25
Q

induction of long term potenitation requires activation of

A

glutamate NMDA receptors

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26
Q

abnormal synaptic plasticity can lead to

A

intellectual disability

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27
Q

long term potentitatio is synapse…

A

specific

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28
Q

acetlycholinsterase inhibitors eg pyridostigmine and donezpezil inhibit the activity of acetylocholinesterase so increases cholinergic transmission so more acetlycjoline is in the synaptic cleft for longer

A
  • these drugs can cause side effects which activate the parasympathetic system eg bradycardia, excessive salivation, hypotension
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29
Q

is dorsum column tract consious

A

yes

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30
Q

what ascending tract is unconscious

A

spinocerebellar

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31
Q

second order neurones from DCLM decussate where

A

medulla

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32
Q

where are third order neurones

A

thalamus

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33
Q

what spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature

A

lateral

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34
Q

second order neurones in the spinothalamic tract decussate where

A

within the spinal cord

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35
Q

3rd order neurones carry signals from thalamus to where

A

ipsilateal primary sensory cortex of the brain

36
Q

if DCLM affected sensory loss will be

A

ipsilateral

37
Q

spinothlamic tract affected, the sensory loss will be

A

contralateral

38
Q

think decussation - spinothalamic decussates at

A

SPinal cord

39
Q

spinocerebellar pathway likely to be affected if what is injured

A

descending motor tracts

40
Q

main pathway for audiory

A

Lemniscal

41
Q

most hearing decussate at

A

superior olivary nuclei

42
Q

what sleep do you dream

A

Rem

43
Q

sympathetic innervation is more related to what sleep

A

REM
and paraympathetic more linked to non rem
remeber in rem you get rapid eye movement so think sympathetic

44
Q

what system is regulator for sleep wake cycle

A

RAS - reticular activating system

45
Q

hypocretin affects what sleep

A

REM

46
Q

nucleus thats major circaidan clock

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

47
Q

levels of hypocretin becoem very low in what

A

narcolepsy

48
Q

what receptros respond do pressure, touch, vibration and stretch

A

mechanoreceptors

49
Q

what plays a key role in differentation textures

A

merkels discs

50
Q

what detects initial contact with objects

A

meissners corpuscles

51
Q

what is involved with proprioception

A

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

52
Q

finger tips have smaller receptive fields but larger density of free nerve endings - allows for greater acuiting in detectig a sensory stimulus

A
53
Q

smaller the receptive field, the greater the sensoryy acuity

A
54
Q

morphine and other opiods acts on what receptros

A

G protein coupled receptors

55
Q

lateral inhibition allows for better

A

sensory acuity

56
Q

smaller the receptive field the better the

A

sensory acuity

57
Q

lateral genicuale nucleus involved in

A

vision

58
Q

temporal lobe affects what quadrants

A

superior
- lower optic radiations

59
Q

what tracts are responsible for voluntary control

A

pyramidal

60
Q

what tract is responsible for involunatry and autonomic control of musculature eg muscle tone, balance, posture and locomotion

A

extrapyramidal

61
Q

are there synapses in the desending tracts

A

no

62
Q

pyramidal tracts consist of

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar

63
Q

one of the first things the descending tract goes through is the

A

internal capsule - particualrly susceptible to compression from haemorrhagic bleeds

64
Q

what corticospinal tract remains ipsialteral

A

anterior

65
Q

upper motor neurones for what nerves dont innervate bilaterally

A

facial and hypoglossal

66
Q

lower quadrants of the face (below teh eyes) has what innervation from facial

A

contralateral

67
Q

upper motor neurones for what nerve only provide contralateral innervation

A

hypoglossal

68
Q

what extrapyramidal tracts provide contralateral innervatoon

A

rubrospinal and tectospinal

69
Q

what extrapydramidal tracts do not decussate and therefore provide ipsilateral innervation

A

vestibulospinal and reticulospinal

70
Q

what tract involved with balance and psoture by innervating anti gravity muscles

A

vestibulspinal

71
Q

what tract facilatates / inhibits voluntary movemtns

A

reticulospinal

72
Q

rubro spinal tract involves

A

fine control of hand movements - red nucleus

73
Q

tectospinal tract

A

coordinates head in relation to vision stimuli

74
Q

what pyramidal tract is susceptible to damage becasue tehy extend almsot the wholw length of teh CNS and pass through internal capsule - common site of cerebrovascular accidents

A

corticospinal

75
Q

corticospinal lesions affect what side

A

contralateral

76
Q

corticospinal lesions cause what symptoms

A

upper motor neurone eg hypertonia, hyperreflexia , clonus, babinski

77
Q

motor unit is

A

combination of the LMN and muscle fibres

78
Q

difference in roles between alpha and gamma (lmns)

A

alpha - contraction
gamma- muscle tone and unconscious proprioception

79
Q

what is often described as having a bag of worms under the skin

A

fasciculations

80
Q

checking for reflexes uses what motor neurones

A

gamma

81
Q

UMN signs seen in the descending motor tracts eg

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar ( also side note: also seen in extrapyradminal)

82
Q

positive babinski - upper or lower motor neurone lesion

A

upper

83
Q

postive babinksi is normal if

A

under 2 as the corticospinal tracts are not fully developed yet

84
Q

clonus - rhymic movemtns as its as series of contractions

A
85
Q

most common cause of ischaemic strokes

A

atherothromboembolii from the carotids

86
Q

strokes cause what signs

A

UMNs

87
Q

after strokes can regain sme fucntion in limb due to what tract

A

rubrospinal tract - is able to compensate for the loss of corticospainl fibres to a certain extent

YEAR 3 NICE (14 decks)

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