Anatomy of urinary tract

Question 1

Describe the location of the kidneys

Answer 1

Retro-peritoneally
In dorsal abdomen
In ventral lumber region with limited mobility (except in cat)
R kidney more cranial (expect in pigs)

Question 2

Label the kidney of cattle, pigs and primates

Answer 2

Question 3

What are the renal columns?

Answer 3

Where blood vessels travel in the kidney

Question 4

Describe the anatomy of the renal pelvis in dogs and cats

Answer 4

Medullary pyramids are fused => renal crest
Urine drains into a space => renal pelvis
Renal pelvis located in renal sinus
No calices

Question 5

Describe the calices in pig, cattle and primate kidneys

Answer 5

Renal pyramids drain into minor calyx
2-3 minor calices drain into a major calyx

Question 6

What is the shape of the equine kidneys?

Answer 6

L = ‘pyramidal’
R = ‘heart-shaped’

Question 7

What is the shape of the porcine kidneys?

Answer 7

Long and flat

Question 8

What is the shape of bovine kidneys

Answer 8

Reniculate - obvious lobules
Oval or irregular shape

Question 9

Describe the components of the renal cortex

Answer 9

External/outer zone
Internal/inner zone (juxtamedullary)
Glomeruli and convoluted tubules

Question 10

Describe the components of the renal medulla

Answer 10

Medullary pyramids
Loops of Henle
Collecting ducts
Outer part = base of pyramid
Inner part = renal papilla

Question 11

What is a renal lobule?

Answer 11

Functional section of kidney
Cortex + medulla work together

Question 12

Describe the anatomy of unilobar kidneys

Answer 12

Single renal lobe
Single pyramid
Single papilla

Question 13

What species have unilobar kidneys?

Answer 13

Rodents and lagomorphs

Question 14

Describe the anatomy of dog, cat, sheep and horse kidneys

Answer 14

Multilobar
Fused cortex
Fused medullae
Pyramids partially merged
Papillae merged to form renal crest
No calices
Single pelvis

Question 15

Describe the anatomy of the pig, primate kidney

Answer 15

Multilobar
Fused cortex
Separate medullae
Pyramids
Multiple renal papillae
Multiple calices
Branched pelvis

Question 16

Describe the anatomy of the cattle kidney

Answer 16

Multilobar
Separate cortices
Separate medullae
Multiple lobes/pyramids
Multiple renal papillae
Multiple calices
No pelvis
Lobulated surface

Question 17

Describe the renal blood flow circuit

Answer 17

Question 18

Label the internal vasculature of the kidney

Answer 18

Question 19

Describe the internal renal portal system

Answer 19

Efferent glomerular arterioles receive blood from capillaries of the renal glomeruli and carry it to peritubular capillary plexus surrounding proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Question 20

Describe the blood flow in juxta-medullary nephrons

Answer 20

Afferent arteriole enters Bowman’s capsule, efferent arteriole exits, splits and supplies:
- peritubular capillaries around PCT and DCT => drains into veins in cortex
- vasa recta around LoH => drains into arcuate veins

Question 21

Label this nephron

Answer 21

Question 22

Describe the different kidney vasculature in carnivores

Answer 22

Have an extra cortical venous drainage with flows through cortex to hilium and joins renal vein
Run over the cortex in cats (= subcapsular veins) - visible on cat kidneys

Question 23

where are the ureters joined?

Answer 23

From kidneys to bladder

Question 24

Describe the anatomy of the ureters

Answer 24

Wall made up from:
- mucous membrane
- uroepithelium
- apical cellular protection from urine
- layers: lamina propria, muscularis, adventitia

Question 25

Describe how the ureter enters the bladder and why it enters like this?

Answer 25

Enters obliquely and runs intramurally between muscular layer and mucosa layer before opening through 2 slits on a raised ‘hillock’
When bladder is full it compresses ureter to prevent more urine from entering

Question 26

What are the divisions of the bladder?

Answer 26

cranial pole
intermediate body
caudal neck

Question 27

Describe the lining of the bladder

Answer 27

Urothelium
Stretchy - become elongated and flattened as bladder expands
Anti-urine junctions between cells
wrinkled and thick when empty
smooth thinner when distended

Question 28

Describe the ligaments of the bladder

Answer 28

2 lateral ligaments insert in dorsal abdominal wall
median ligament connects bladder to pelvic floor and linea alba

Question 29

Describe the emptying of the female urethra

Answer 29

Empties onto ventral wall of the vagina at vestibulo-vaginal junction (where vagina becomes vestibule)

Question 30

Describe the anatomy of the male urethra

Answer 30

Question 31

Describe the external renal vasculature

Answer 31

L and R renal arteries

Question 32

Label the male urogenital vasculature and associated structures

Answer 32

Question 33

Label the female urogenital vasculature and associated structures

Answer 33

Question 34

what is the blood supply to the renal pelvis?

Answer 34

renal artery

Question 35

What is the blood supply to the proximal and distal ureter

Answer 35

Proximal = renal artery
Distal = cranial vesicular artery and vaginal/prostatic artery

Question 36

What is the blood supply to the bladder

Answer 36

Caudal vesicular artery

Question 37

What is the blood supply to the urethra

Answer 37

Urethral artery

Question 38

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidney?

Answer 38

renal lymph nodes

Question 39

What is the lymphatic drainage of the ureter?

Answer 39

lumber lymph nodes

Question 40

What is the lymphatic drainage of the bladder?

Answer 40

isiosacral lymph nodes

Question 41

Describe the innervation of the kidney

Answer 41

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres from solar plexus via renal arteries

Question 42

Describe the innervation of the bladder

Answer 42

Sympathetic via the hypogastric nerve from caudal mesenteric ganglion
Parasympathetic from pudendal nerve