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Jorge URO > Exotics renal anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Exotics renal anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe nitrogenous waste in aquatic organisms

A

excrete ammonia directly

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2
Q

Describe nitrogenous waste of terrestrial organisms

A

Mammals, terrestrial amphibians - urea
Birds, reptiles - Uric acid (uricotelism)

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3
Q

Describe the features of uric acid

A

Made in liver
Highly insoluble:
- water conservation
- storage in eggs
Tubular secretion via reptilian-type nephrons
Excretion is independent of:
- urine flow rate
- tubular water reabsorption
- hydration state

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4
Q

Describe the causes of gout in birds and reptiles

A

Hyperuricemia (excess uric acid) => precipitates out of blood into organs and joints => gout (visceral and articular)

Causes:
- renal disease
- high dietary protein - too many AAs => more uric acid
- dehydration - urates produced which cannot be flushed => renal gout
- nephrotoxic drugs - damages renal tubules

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5
Q

Describe the composition of urates in birds and reptiles

A

Precipitate:
- uric acid
- protein
- Na+ (carnivorous)
- K+ (herbivorous)
Enters cloaca and mixes with faecal material

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6
Q

Why are birds and reptiles able to excrete urates even when dehydrated?

A

Uric acid crystals precipitate => no osmotic pressure so does not draw water out with it

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7
Q

Why is urinalysis useless in birds and reptiles?

A

Due to mixing of urine, urate and faecal material

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8
Q

Describe the use of the renal portal valve in exotics

A

Normal:
Valve closed (ACh): limbs => renal portal veins => kidney => caudal vena cave
Stressed or dehydrated:
Valve open (adrenaline): limbs => caudal vena cava

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9
Q

How does the renal portal system in exotics protect against ischemic necrosis of the kidney?

A

Blood from tail/caudal body travels to the heart via the kidney
Portal system ensures blood flow to tubules (does not supply glomerulus)

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10
Q

Describe the clinical implications of the renal portal system in exotics

A

Drug pharmacokinetics:
- if drugs injected into caudal region, goes to kidneys first => damage or excretion
Caudal mesenteric vein:
- contributes to renal portal system
- disease of GIT => kidneys
- toxins from gut

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11
Q

Label the fish nephrons

A
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12
Q

Label the freshwater glomerular teleost nephron

A
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13
Q

Label the marine glomerular teleost nephron

A
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14
Q

Label the marine aglomerular teleost nephron

A
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15
Q

Label the reptilian nephron

A
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16
Q

Describe the key difference between fish/reptile and mammalian nephrons

A

fish/reptile nephrons have no LoH

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17
Q

Describe the avian nephrons

A

70-90% Reptile type nephrons:
- no LoH
- Cortex only
10-30% Mammalian type nephrons:
- LoH
- cortex -> medulla
Limited urine concentration

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18
Q

Describe the avian response to dehydration

A

Aginine vasotocin (avian ADH equivalent)
- stimulated by increased plasma osmolarity
- constricts afferent arteriole (renal portal system maintains perfusion)
-controls tubular water permeability
Urine can be retropulsed from the urodeum into the colon and caecum for sodium-linked water reabsorption

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19
Q

Describe sodium linked water reabsorption in the avian/reptilian colon and caecum

A

Active transport of Na out of colon
Cl ions follow Na
Water follows via osmosis

20
Q

Describe the reptile response to dehydration

A

Arginine vasotocin => afferent arteriole constriction and increased tubular water permeability
Reverse peristalsis of urine from urodeum => rectum/colon

21
Q

Describe post-renal urine modification in exotics

A

Cloaca, colon, bladder:
- ions
- water
- protein
- Na+, K+
- urates
Voided urine not reflective of renal function

22
Q

Label the breeding and non-breeding avian urinary system (male)

A
23
Q

Why can kidney disease cause paralysis in avian species?

A

Kidneys closely associated with lumbar and sacral plexus - spinal nerves run through kidney parenchyma
Kidney disease => renomegaly => pressure on nerve plexi => paralysis or lameness

24
Q

Describe lizard renal anatomy

A

Caudal aspect of kidneys fused in many species
Only some species have a bladder

25
Q

Describe the anatomy of the avian kidneys

A

Paired
Retroperitoneal
Large

26
Q

Describe snake renal anatomy

A

Right kidney cranial to left
No bladder - urine stored in distal colon or flared ends of ureters

27
Q
A
28
Q

Describe chelonian renal anatomy

A

Kidneys in caudal coelom
No pelvis, pyramids, cortex or medulla
Fewer nephrons
Lower GFR
Poorly developed glomeruli
No LoH (can’t concentrate urine)

29
Q

Describe chelonian bladder anatomy

A

Bladder may have paired accessory bladders
Bladder is osmotically permeable (give baths before hibernation to fill accessory bladder)

30
Q

Describe the sexual segment in some male squamates

A

Cells between distal tubule and collecting duct
Cells change at breeding system:
- cuboidal => columnar
- increase in size
- large eosinophilic granules secreted into lumen

31
Q

Describe the salt glands of some avian and reptile species

A

Modified nasal/lacrimal/salivary glands
Excretion of salt without water loss
Excreted by burrowing, sneezing, tongue protrusion
Dries to white powder (can be confused as fungal infection)
High salt exposure => hyperplasia/hypertrophy

32
Q

Describe fish renal anatomy

A

Single kidney
Length of coelom
Cranial division:
- endocrine
- haematopoietic
Caudal division:
- filtration (nephrons)
No LoH => hypo-osmotic urine

33
Q

Describe fish osmoregulation and nitrogenous waste

A

Water movement by osmosis across skin and gills
Nitrogenous waste (ammonia) excreted by gills, some in urine

34
Q

Describe freshwater fish osmoregulation

A

Ion loss/water gain across gills and skin
Kidney excretes water - high GFR
Gills:
- NaCl active uptake
- excrete ammonia
Dietary intake NaCl

35
Q

Describe saltwater fish osmoregulation

A

Lose water across gills and skin
Drink seawater to replace
Gills:
- excrete NaCl
- excrete ammonia
Kidneys:
- small or no glomeruli
- remove excess divalent ions (Mg2+)

36
Q

Describe amphibian renal anatomy

A

Renal portal veins:
- blood from hindlimbs => kidney => heart
Caecilians (legless, wormlike lizards):
- one kidney
- full length coelom
Caudates (salamanders, newts) and anurans (frogs, toads)
- paired kidneys
- posterior kidneys
- retroperitoneal

37
Q

Describe the amphibian cloacal bladder

A

Outpouching of cloacal wall
No direct connection with excretory ducts
Urine seeps into cloaca and is forced into bladder for urine storage
Cloacal opening is closed by sphincter muscle

38
Q

Describe osmoregulation of aquatic amphibians

A

Skin water permeable - prone to evaporative water losses
Kidney must excrete excess water
Excrete ammonia through gills/skin

39
Q

Describe osmoregulation of terrestrial amphibians

A

Water conservation important
Evaporative losses
Urinary bladders stores water (aquaporins control movement)
Decreased GFR with reduced water
Most excrete urea

40
Q

Describe the clinical relevance of aquatic species osmoregulation

A

Skin is important for fluid balance and respiration:
- disease/damage can be catastrophic for health
- no surgical scrubbing (destroys mucous coating)
- sensitive to environmental contaminants
- minimise handling
- can administer fluids and meds by putting them in water
- water quality very important

41
Q

What is the issue here?

A

Articular gout = uric acid deposits in synovial capsules and tendon sheath of joints

42
Q

Describe the murexide test

A

Used to confirm gout
Joint aspirate mixed with nitric acid and dried
Ammonia added
If turns mauve = uric acid present = gout

43
Q

What are the causes of decreased uric acid secretion?

A
44
Q

What causes increased uric acid production

A

excess dietary protein

45
Q

What does pink shell lesions suggest in aquatic species?

A

septicaemias

46
Q

How can you prevent septicaemia in aquatic species?

A

Keep enclosure clean
Clean water thoroughly
Test water quality regularly
Remove things that could cause injury
Ensure correct temps
Balanced diet
Reduce stress

Jorge URO (105 decks)

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