Lecture 10 - Neuronal oscillations

Question 1

what does an MEG record changes in?

Answer 1

magnetic field changes with voltage changes

Question 2

from which cells does an EEG record from? are they in the cortex or subcortex?

Answer 2

pyramidal cells in cortex

Question 3

where does a MEG record oscillations from?

Answer 3

deeper brain structures like the hippocampus

Question 4

generally, sensory processing attention and memory are ……. and ….. frequency oscillations

Answer 4

small and fast

Question 5

describe the shape/speed of neuronal oscillations whilst sleeping

Answer 5

large and slow

Question 6

give all the 5 types of oscillations/signals you would expect to record on an EEG from someone in deep sleep - are they low/high frequency?

Answer 6

slow waves, delta rhythms, theta, alpha, spindles - low frequency

Question 7

give all the 4 types of signals/oscillations you would expect to record from an EEG of someone who is alert and awake/actively sensory processing - are they low or high frequency?

Answer 7

beta, low gamma, high gamma, ultrafast - high frequency

Question 8

which type of oscillations increase in the hippocampus during goal directed navigation?

Answer 8

theta

Question 9

the summation of voltage changes from which type of cells is essential in EEG recordings? which cell type generates rhythms and synapses at the pyramidal soma?

Answer 9

pyramidal cells, basket cells

Question 10

the inhibition of what kind of interneurons generates gamma rhythms? what kind off junction connects the interneurons so that they can depolarise?

Answer 10

GABA, gap junctions

Question 11

which technique can be used to investigate gamma oscillation activity, exciting neurons with light?

Answer 11

optogenetics

Question 12

channelrhodopsins are only found in which type of cells?

Answer 12

parvalbumin

Question 13

name the 3 executive functions of the prefrontal cortex

Answer 13

memory, attention, goal-directed planning

Question 14

name the 2 regions of the brain which must talk to each other/need synchrony between their neurons to control spike timing in normal function

Answer 14

prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

Question 15

which 2 neuronal oscillation types have increased coupling during task learning?

Answer 15

beta and gamma

Question 16

name 3 cognitive dysfunction disorders where there are deficits in gamma activity

Answer 16

alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, autism

Question 17

which 2 stages are light sleep?

Answer 17

stage 1 and 2

Question 18

which 2 stages of sleep are slow wave sleep?

Answer 18

stages 3 and 4

Question 19

after how many hours of being alseep does REM sleep start roughly?

Answer 19

3-4 hours

Question 20

which 3 types of neuronal oscillation are critical for memory in human sleep? which stages of sleep do they occur in?

Answer 20

delta waves, spindles and fast spindles (in stage 2/3 and REM sleep)

Question 21

which 2 stages of sleep are deep sleep and which stage is light sleep/dreaming?

Answer 21

deep = stages 3+4
light = REM

Question 22

during sleep memory consolidation occurs where info is transferred from which part of the brain to which other part? what speed of oscillation does this generate which boosts learning?

Answer 22

from hippocampus to neocortex, slow

Question 23

where is the fast learning store in the brain? where is the slow learning store?

Answer 23

fast - hippocampus
slow - neocortex

Question 24

in alzheimer’s disease, memory deficits are correlated with….. spindle power (….. oscilations)

Answer 24

reduced, slow