Physical Activity and Health, Risk factors form chronic disease, CHD, Metabolic Syndrome, Athsma and COPD (ATHSMA + COPD NOT IN EXAM) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 categories of risk factors for chronic disease?

A
  • Genetic
  • Environmental
  • Behavioural
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2
Q

What is the Web of causation?

A

Epidemiological model used to establish “cause” of chronic diseases.

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3
Q

According to ACSM, what are the risk factors for CHD?

A
  • Age.*
  • Family History.*
  • Cigarette Smoking.
  • Sedentary Lifestyle.
  • Obesity.
  • Hypertension.
  • Dyslipidemia.
  • Prediabetes.
  • Cannot be changed
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4
Q

How can you tell if someone is hypertensive?

A

SBP = > 130 mm Hg or DBP = > 80 mm Hg.
Hypertension is a major independent risk factors for CHD and is a progressive condition, which increases over time.

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5
Q

Post exercise hypotension is a common benefit to regular exercise participation. How do physicians minimize symptoms associated with post exercise hypotension?

A

Physicians should consider a combination of exercise and lower dose
hypertensive medications

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6
Q

How much does exercise training lower resting SBP and DPB by?

A

SBP 3-10 mm Hg
DBP 2-6 mm Hg.

A 2 mmHg reduction in SBP is associated with reductions of 10% and 7% in the risks of stroke and CHD, respectively

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7
Q

What is the most common method of measuring obesity?

A

BMI

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8
Q

What are the BMI for: healthy, overweight, obese, severely obese?

A
  • 18.5 to 24.9 - healthy weight
  • 25 to 29.9 - overweight
  • 30 to 39.9 - obese
  • 40 or above - severely obese
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9
Q

inflammation is the cornerstone for many chronic diseases. How does inflammation lead to heart attacks/strokes in atherosclerosis?

A

In atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation promotes pathological remodelling of the blood vessel walls, resulting in a plaque that occludes blood flow.

Blood vessel plaques can eventually rupture, resulting in vascular events
including heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular events.

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10
Q

How does obesity promote inflammation and accelerate the disease process?

A
  • Adipocytes secrete cytokines
  • Visceral fat secretes more inflammatory cytokines
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11
Q

How do statin drugs and a Mediterranean diet impact chronic inflammation?

A

Lower levels of inflammatory cytokines.

In addition, PA lowers levels of inflammation, as well as producing IL-6 (anti-inflammatory effect).

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12
Q

What is the Metabolic Syndrome?

A

Metabolic syndrome is the medical term for a combination of diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension) and obesity. It is a cluster of risk factors that promote the development of CHD, stroke and other conditions that affect blood vessels.

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13
Q

An individual that has three or more of the following risk factors is considered to have the metabolic syndrome:

A
  • Abdominal obesity
  • Waist circumference >102cm, 88cm (m+F)
  • Hypertriglyceridemia
  • Low HDL cholesterol
  • High BP
  • Inability to control blood sugar levels
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14
Q

What are the 2 hypothesis as to what causes the metabolic syndrome?

A

1) low grade chronic inflammation (Increased levels of TNF-a, IL-6, CRP cause insulin resistance, leads to obesity and T2D)
2) increased oxidative stress (Increased production of free radicals cause cellular damage and inflammation)

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15
Q

What is the guidance of PA to prevent and treat the Metabolic Syndrome?

A

i. Reduce sedentary time
ii. Moderate intensity exercise daily for a
minimum of 30 but preferably 60 minutes

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