animal mass transport

Question 1

sigmoid shape of curve

Answer 1

binding of first o2 changes tertiary structure of hb
uncovers haem group binding sites making further binding of oxygens easier

Question 2

bohr effect

Answer 2

effect of co2 conc on dislocation of oxyhaemoglobin
sure shifts to the right

Question 3

co2 conc effect on dislocation of oxyhemoglobin

Answer 3

increase blood co2
lower ph
reduces hb affinity for oxygen as tertiary structure changes slightly
so faster unloading of oxygen to respiring cells at given po2

Question 4

advantage of bohr effect

Answer 4

more dissection of oxygen
faster aerobic respiration
so more ATP made

Question 5

vena cava

Answer 5

deoxygenated blood from respiring body tissue to heart

Question 6

pulmonary artery

Answer 6

deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

Question 7

pulmonary vein

Answer 7

oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

Question 8

aorta

Answer 8

oxygenated blood from heart to respiring body tissues

Question 9

renal artery

Answer 9

oxygenated blood to kidney

Question 10

renal vein

Answer 10

Deoxygenated blood from kidneys to vena cava

Question 11

atrial systole

Answer 11

atria contract
volume decreases pressure increases
av open when pressure in atria exceed ventricles
sly shut as pressure in ventricles less than arteries
blood pushed into ventricles

Question 12

ventricular systole

Answer 12

ventricles contract
volume decreases
pressure increases
av shut as pressure in ventricles exceed atria
slv open as pressure in ventricles exceed arteries
blood pushed out heart via arteries

Question 13

diastole

Answer 13

ventricles and arteries relax
volume increases
pressure decreases
sly shut when pressure in arteries exceed ventricles
av open when pressure in atria exceed ventricles blood fills aria via veins flows passively to ventricles

Question 14

av closed

Answer 14

pressure in ventricle higher than atrium to prevent back flow of blood from ventricles to atrium

Question 15

arteries STF

Answer 15

blood away from heart at high pressure
thick smooth elastic tissue maintaining blood flow
thick elastic tissue can stretch and recoil to maintain high pressure
thick wall withstand pressure
folded endothelium to reduce friction and stretch
narrow lumen to maintain high pressure

Question 16

arterioles

Answer 16

thick muscle layer
contract to narrow lumen and reduce blood flow to capillaries
relax widen lumen increasing blood flow to capillaries
thin elastic layer as pressure surges low

Question 17

vein

Answer 17

wide lumen less resistance to blood flow
little elastic muscle as bp low
valve prevent back flow of blood

Question 18

capillaries

Answer 18

one cell layer of endothelial increase diffusion distance
capillary bed increase SA for diffusion
narrow lumen reduce blood flow so more time for diffusion
pores in walls btwn cells so larger substances pass through

Question 19

forming TF

Answer 19

high hydrostatic pressure in capillary than TF
forcing water out capillaries
large plasma protiens remain

Question 20

return of TF to circulatory system

Answer 20

at venue hyd pressure reduces as fluid leaves capillary
increasing conc of plasma protiens lower water potential in capillary below tissue fluid
water renters capillaries by osmosis down a wpg
excess water taken up by lymph system and returned to circulatory system via veins

Question 21

tissue fluid accumulation

Answer 21

low conc of proteins in blood plasma
wp in capillary not as low so wpg is reduced
so more tissue fluid formed at arteriole end
less water absorbed at venue end by osmosis
hip high hydp pressure
increased outward pressure at arteriole end and decreased inward pressure at venule end
so more tissue fluid is formed at arteriole end
lymph system may nit be able to drain excess fast enough

Question 22

pathway a red blood cell takes when travelling in the human
circulatory system from a kidney to the lungs.

Answer 22

renal vein
vena cava to right atrium
right ventricle to pulmonary artery

Question 23

in diastole describe muscle activity and blood movement between arteries and ventricles

Answer 23

ventricles relax
no blood back flow to ventricles

Question 24

in diastole describe muscle activity and blood movement between ventricles and atria

Answer 24

atria contract
blood movement from atria to ventricles

Question 25

what blood vessel carries blood at lowest pressure

Answer 25

vena cava

Question 26

At P on the diagram above, the pressure in the left ventricle is increasing.
At this time, the rate of blood flow has not yet started to increase in the
aorta.
why

Answer 26

SLV aren’t open as pressure in atria greater than ventricles

Question 27

At Q on the diagram above there is a small increase in pressure and in
rate of blood flow in the aorta.
Explain how this happens and its importance.

Answer 27

aorta wall has elastic recoil
smooths blood flow

Question 28

how does av valve allow unidirectional blood flow

Answer 28

pressure above valve is higher than below valve it opens
when pressure below valve higher than above valve it causes it to close

Question 29

Explain the role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid

Answer 29

contraction of ventricle produces high hydrostatic pressure
forcing water and small substances out the capillary

Question 30

by sixth months fhb completely disappears and replaced by adult hb
why’s this a benefit

Answer 30

hba has a lower affinity for o2 at low partial pressures
so easier unloading of oxygen at respiring tissues for aerobic respiration

Question 31

Use information from the figure to explain how the pressure in the dog’s ventricle is
related to the thickness of the ventricle wall.

Answer 31

thickness of wall increases as ventricle wall contracts
contraction leads to increased pressure

Question 32

The hydrostatic pressure falls from the arteriole end of the capillary to the venule
end of the capillary. Explain why.

Answer 32

loss of water or fluid

Question 33

High blood pressure leads to an accumulation of tissue fluid. Explain how.

Answer 33

high hydrostatic pressure
increase outward pressure from arterial end of capillary and decrease inward pressure at venue end
so less tissue fluid reabsorbed

Question 34

The water potential of the blood plasma is more negative at the venule end of the
capillary than at the arteriole end of the capillary. Explain why.

Answer 34

water leaves capillary
plasma protiens remain as too large to leave
increase conc of protiens lowering wp

Question 35

Although the speed of blood flow in an arteriole is greater than speed of blood flow
in a capillary, blood does not accumulate in the arterioles.

Answer 35

more capillaries than arteries
cross sectional area of capillaries larger than arterioles

Question 36

The volume of blood leaving the capillary network into the veins is less than the
volume of blood entering from the arteries.

Answer 36

fluid in lymph or fluid in tissue fluid

Question 37

The rise and fall in blood pressure in the aorta is greater than in the small
arteries.Suggest why.

Answer 37

aorta directly linked to heart
aorta has elastic tissue
aorta has strech and recoil

Question 38

Explain why they used percentage change in the resting heart rate.

Answer 38

enables comparison
different initial and resting heart rates

Question 39

Explain how their cardiac output could stay the same even when their resting heart
rate had decreased.

Answer 39

Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
so stroke volume could have increased