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DPT 520 > Cerebrum > Flashcards

Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 As of cerebral disorders?

A

aphasia

agnosia

astereognosis

apraxia

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2
Q

what structures does the diencephalon differentiate into?

A

the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and 3rd ventricle

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3
Q

what is white matter composed of?

A

fatty myelin

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4
Q

what is grey matter composed of?

A

cell bodies and dendrites

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5
Q

what is the role of the STN?

A

basal ganglia importance

stops unwanted movements

big role in motor control

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6
Q

what is the role of the thalamus?

A

regulates the flow of info to the cortex

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7
Q

what is the role of the relay nuclei of the thalamus?

A

take info from sensory systems, basal ganglia, or cerebellum to the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

what are the relay nuclei of the thalamus?

A

motor

sensory

hearing-vision

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9
Q

what is the motor relay nucleus of the thalamus?

A

VA, VL

basal ganglia and dentate nucleus (cerebellum) to the cortex

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10
Q

what is the sensory relay nucleus of the thalamus?

A

VPM, VPL

spinothalamic, medial lemniscus, trigeminal pathways

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11
Q

what are the hearing-vision relay nuclei of the thalamus?

A

MG, LG ???

no idea what this means

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12
Q

what are the 3 nuclei of the thalamus?

A

relay, association, and nonspecific nuclei

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13
Q

what are the association nuclei responsible for?

A

emotions, memory, and sensory integration

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14
Q

what does the emotion association nucleus have connections with?

A

the limbic system

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15
Q

what does the memory association nucleus have connections with?

A

the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

what does the sensory integration association area have connection with?

A

the parietal, occipital, and temporal cortex

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17
Q

what is the role of the nonspecific nuclei?

A

regulation of consciousness, attention, and arousal

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18
Q

what nuclei is involved in arousal and attention?

A

intralaminar nucleus

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19
Q

what nuclei is involved in modulation of thalamic activity?

A

reticular nucleus

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20
Q

what does the intralaminar nucleus connect with?

A

ARAS and cortical areas

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21
Q

what does the reticular nucleus connect with?

A

other thalamic nuclei

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22
Q

t/f: the thalamus has a reciprocal connections with the cerebrum

A

true

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23
Q

what is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A

homeostasis

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24
Q

what are other fxns of the hypothalamus?

A

eating, reproductive, and defensive behaviors (thirst, hunger, and sex drive

emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion

regulation of circadian rhythms

endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs

activation of the sympathetic NS

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25
Q

what is released by the ant pituitary gland?

A

growth hormone-releasing/inhibiting hormone

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

corticotropin-releasing hormone

gonadotropin-releasing/inhibiting hormone

prolactin-releasing hormone

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26
Q

what is released by the post pituitary gland?

A

oxytocin

antidiuretic hormones (ADH, vasopressin)

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27
Q

what is the role of the pineal gland?

A

sympathetic control

regulate circadian rhythms

influence pituitary gland, adrenal glands, parathyroid, Islets of Langerhans

seasonal affect

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28
Q

what does the pineal gland release?

A

melatonin

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29
Q

the pineal gland responds well to what meds? why?

A

psychoactive meds bc it’s not in the blood brain barrier

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30
Q

what are the s/s of a thalamic lesion

A

contra loss of sensation (most severe for discriminitive sensations w/others for affected as much )

thalamic pain syndrome (rare)

lateropulsion

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31
Q

what is the role of the intralaminar nuclei?

A

alertness and consciousness

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32
Q

what conditions affect the intralaminar nuclei?

A

PD, TBI, and thalamic stroke

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33
Q

pituitary tumors make up __% of all intracranial neoplasms

A

10

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34
Q

t/f: pituitary tumors are malignant

A

false, they are benign and slow growing

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35
Q

what are the s/s of pituitary tumors?

A

droppy eyelids, diploplia, blurry vision, irregular menstruation, sexual dysfxn from hypo/hyperactive pituitary or compression of it

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36
Q

what are the 3 categories of subthalamic white matter?

A

projection fibers

commissural fibers

association fibers

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37
Q

what are projection fibers?

A

subcortical afferent projections to the cortex

efferent fibers from the cortex to the SC

most fibers go through the internal capsule to the corona radiata

corticospinal tract

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38
Q

what makes up the anterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

corticopontine fibers, frontopontine fibers, other corticofugal (from the cortex) fibers

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39
Q

what makes up the genu of the internal capsule?

A

fibers to the CN motor nuclei and reticular formation

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40
Q

what makes up the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

corticospinal and thalamocortical projections

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41
Q

what is the role of the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

conveys omatosensory, visual, auditory and motor info to the cortex

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42
Q

where in the internal capsule is there the most amount of projection fibers?

A

in the posterior limb

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43
Q

what are commissural fibers?

A

connect homologous areas across the cerebral hemispheres

connect the same areas in both hemispheres

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44
Q

what is the largest group of commissural fibers?

A

corpus callosum

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45
Q

what does the anterior commissure link?

A

L and R temporal lobes

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46
Q

what are association fibers?

A

connect cortical regions w/one hemisphere

not crossing bw L/R hemispheres

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47
Q

what do short association fibers connect?

A

adjacent gyri

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48
Q

what do long association fibers connect?

A

lobes w/in one hemisphere

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49
Q

what does the uncinate fasculus (association fibers) connect?

A

frontal and temporal lobes

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50
Q

what does the sup longitudinal fasciculus (association fibers) connect?

A

all lobes

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51
Q

what does the inf longitudinal fasciculus (association fibers) connect?

A

temporal and occipital lobes

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52
Q

what does a lesion to the internal capsule cause?

A

contra impairment to voluntary movement (corticospinal tract lesion)

contra loss of conscious somatosensation (thalamocortical tract lesion)

loss of conscious vision if the lesion extends posteriorly from the contra visual field

even a small lesion has severe deficits

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53
Q

what does a lesion in the corpus callosum cause?

A

problems with imitation, bimanual tasks, apraxia (voluntary automatic dissociation)

54
Q

what is usually done for a lesion in the corpus callosum?

A

callosotomy (surgical cutting of the corpus callosum)

55
Q

what are the fxns of the cerebral cortex?

A

higher order sensory processing

motor planning

language processing

visual-spatial orientation

behavior

judgement

abstract thought

56
Q

what is the fxn of the primary sensory cortex?

A

simple sensory discrimination (intensity, quality)

57
Q

what is the fxn of the secondary sensory cortex?

A

recognition of sensation

58
Q

what is the fxn of the association cortex?

A

goal selection, planning, monitoring

interpretation of sensation

emotions, memory processing

59
Q

what is the fxn of the motor planning areas (premotor and supplementary motor areas included)?

A

movement composition, sequencing

60
Q

what is the fxn of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

discrimination of shape, texture, or size of an object

61
Q

what does a lesion in the primary somatosensory cortex cause?

A

loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception

62
Q

what is the fxn of the primary auditory cortex?

A

conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds

63
Q

what would a lesion of the primary auditory cortex cause?

A

loss of localization of sounds

64
Q

what is the fxn of the primary visual cortex?

A

distinguishing among the head positions and head movements

contributes to perception of vertical

65
Q

what would a lesion in the primary visual cortex cause?

A

change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical

lateropulsion

66
Q

what is perception?

A

interpretation of sensation into meaning

67
Q

perception is the interaction among the ___, ____, and ____

A

brain, body, environment

68
Q

what is involved in perception?

A

past experiences, motivation, expectations, and selection of pertinent sensory info

69
Q

what areas of the cerebrum participate in perception?

A

primary sensory, secondary sensory, and association areas

70
Q

what is the fxn of the secondary somatosensory cortex?

A

stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment

71
Q

what would a lesion of the secondary somatosensory cortex result in?

A

astereognosis

72
Q

what is the fxn of the secondary visual cortex?

A

analysis of motion, color

recognition of visual objects

understanding of visual spatial relationships

control of visual fields

73
Q

what would a lesion of the secondary visual cortex result in?

A

visual agnosia or optic ataxia

74
Q

what is the fxn of the secondary auditory cortex?

A

classification of sounds

75
Q

what would a lesion to the secondary auditory cortex cause?

A

auditory agnosia

76
Q

what is agnosia?

A

inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense, even though discriminitive ability w/that sense is intact

77
Q

what is astereognosis?

A

lesion in S2 (secondary somatosensory cortex)

inability to ID an object by touch and manipulation

78
Q

what is visual agnosia?

A

lesion in ventral V2 (secondary visual cortex)

inability to visually recognize an object

prosopagnosia

79
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

type of visual agnosia where you can’t recognize people’s faces but can recognize them by their voice and can tell when facial expression are positive/negative

80
Q

what is auditory agnosia?

A

lesion in A2 (secondary auditory cortex)

inability to recognize sounds (hemisphere specific)

L-unable to understand speech
R-unable to interpret environmental sounds

81
Q

if there is a lesion of the L hemisphere causing auditory agnosia, what is the deficit?

A

unable to understand speech

82
Q

if there is a lesion of the R hemisphere causing auditory agnosia, what is the deficit?

A

unable to interpret environmental sounds

83
Q

what is optic ataxia?

A

inability to use visual info to direct movements despite intact ability to visually ID and describe objects

lesion in the dorsal visual stream

84
Q

what does the dorsal visual stream do?

A

guides motion

awareness pathway

85
Q

is the ventral stream the “what?” or “where?” pathway?

A

“what?” pathway

86
Q

is the dorsal stream the “what?” or “where?” pathway?

A

“where?” pathway

87
Q

does ventral stream dysfxn result in visual agnosia or optic ataxia?

A

visual agnosia

88
Q

does dorsal stream dysfxn result in visual agnosia or optic ataxia?

A

optic ataxia

89
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located in the brain?

A

in the precentral gyrus anterior to the central sulcus

90
Q

where is the origin of the corticospinal and corticobrainstem tracts?

A

the primary motor cortex

91
Q

what does the primary motor cortex control?

A

contra voluntary movements and movement fractionation

selective motor control

92
Q

what are the inputs to M1?

A

somatosensory info relayed by the thalamus from S1

motor instructions from the motor planning areas

93
Q

what are the deficits associated with a lesion in the primary motor cortex?

A

contra paresis and loss of selective motor control (fractionated movement)

dysarthria

dysphagia

94
Q

what is spastic dysarthria?

A

UMN lesion (tracts)

harsh, awkward speech production

95
Q

what is flaccid dysarthria?

A

LMN lesion (nuclei)

CN 9, 10, 12

breathy, soft/weak, and imprecise speech

96
Q

what are the cortical motor planning areas?

A

premotor area (PMA)

supplementary motor areas (SMA)

inf frontal gyrus

97
Q

what is the role of the PMA?

A

stabilizes trunk and girdle muscles in prep for limb movement

selects and initiates some movements and goal directed actions

anticipatory postural adjustments

98
Q

what is the role of the SMA?

A

motor initiation (opening eyes, head)

plans bimanual/sequential movements

important in faster/more complex movements

orientation planning

99
Q

what is the role of the inf frontal gyrus?

A

Broca’s (L): motor programming of speech

emotional/social/spatial (R): planning nonverbal communication

100
Q

what are the areas of the inf frontal gyrus?

A

Broca’s areas (L) and its corresponding area on the R (nonverbal)

101
Q

what is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

planning movement of the mouth for speech

motor programming of speech

102
Q

what would a lesion in the premotor cortex result in?

A

apraxia

103
Q

what would a lesion in the supplementary motor areas result in?

A

apraxia

104
Q

what would a lesion in Broca’s area result in?

A

broca’s aphasia

L hemisphere lesion

difficulty with verbal communication

105
Q

what would a lesion in the inf frontal gyrus in the hemisphere dominant for emotional, social, and spatial processing result in?

A

difficulty producing nonverbal communication

R hemisphere lesion

106
Q

what is motor agnosia?

A

loss of knowledge of how to perform a skilled movement despite normal strength, sensation, coordination, and knowledge of the task

107
Q

damage to what areas can cause motor agnosia?

A

PMA, SMA, inf parietal lobe

108
Q

what is ideomotor apraxia?

A

automatic-voluntary dissociation

can automatically perform a motion but unable to when asked to do it voluntarily

109
Q

what is ideational/conceptual apraxia?

A

difficulty performing any multistep motor activity

inability to access an appropriate motor activity (toothpaste on after brushing teeth, shoes b4 socks)

110
Q

what is constructional apraxia?

A

inability to comprehend the relationship of parts of the whole

side specific
L=oversimplifying/omitting details
R-L side neglect

111
Q

what does constructional apraxia of the L result in?

A

oversimplifying a drawing or omitting details

112
Q

what does constructional apraxia of the R result in?

A

L sided neglect (will only draw on one side of the clock)

113
Q

what is motor perseveration?

A

uncontrollable repetition of a movement associated with greater neural damage

114
Q

what are the disorders affecting cerebral function?

A

cerebral stroke

tumor

epilepsy

115
Q

what is a meningioma?

A

usually benign brain tumor in the meninges

most common primary brain tumor

116
Q

what is a glioma?

A

mostly malignant brain tumor from the glial cells

astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, glioblastoma

117
Q

what is an astrocytoma?

A

tumor of the astrocytes

sometimes benign

usually in young adults and children

118
Q

what is an oligodendroglioma?

A

tumor from oligodendrocytes

119
Q

what is a glioblastoma?

A

a dangerous type of glioma

120
Q

what is a medulloblastoma?

A

from the neural ectoderm cells

most common malignant brain tumor in children

usually arises from the cerebellum

121
Q

what is an adenoma?

A

tumor in glands/epithelial tissues

pituitary tumor is most common and cuases visual problems, nausea, and vomiting

122
Q

what is an acoustic neuroma?

A

tumor the Schwann cells around CN 8

causes hemiparesis, ataxia, and dysarthria

123
Q

what are the common s/s of a brain tumor?

A

Motor: hemiparesis, ataxia, dysarthria

Sensory: sensory deficits

Visual: hemianopsia, visual-perceptual deficits

Communication: aphasia

Executive function: memory and motor learning deficits, apraxia, behavioral disturbances

GI: problems with bladder control

124
Q

what is epilepsy?

A

sudden attacks of excessive cortical neuronal discharge interfering with brain fxns causing seizures

involuntary movements, disruption of autonomic regulation, illusions, and hallucinations

125
Q

what are the causes of epilepsy?

A

channelopathies

tumor

infection

stroke

TBI

neurodegenerative disease

febrile

126
Q

what are the two types of generalized seizures?

A

absence and tonic clonic

127
Q

what are absence seizures?

A

brief loss of consciousness w/o other motor symptoms

128
Q

what are tonic clonic seizures?

A

motor

involves tonic contraction of skeletal muscle (shaking of muscles)

muscles tense up and start shaking

129
Q

what is an epileptic emergency?

A

if the seizures last more than 5 minutes, person has diabetes, is pregnant, or has new onset seizures

130
Q

normally, tonic clonic seizures last ___ minutes and the patient is confused upon awakening

A

1-2

DPT 520 (13 decks)

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