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DPT 520 > Memory, Leanring, Consciousness, and Cognition > Flashcards

Memory, Leanring, Consciousness, and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of memory?

A

the formation of records of new experiences and the use of the info to guide subsequent activities

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2
Q

what is the basis for skills and shared knowledge?

A

memory

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3
Q

what is working memory?

A

short term

maintains goal-relevant info for a short time

essential for language, problem-solving, mental navigation, reasoning, mental multitasking, and cognition

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4
Q

where is working memory stored?

A

in the lat prefrontal cortex and temperoparietal association cortex

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5
Q

what is declarative memory?

A

explicit/conscious memory of facts, events, concepts, and locations

recollections that can be easily verbalized

requires attention during recall

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6
Q

what are the stages of declarative memory?

A

1) encoding
2) consolidation
3) retrieval

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7
Q

what is involved in the encoding phase of declarative memory?

A

processing info into new memories, must be awake and paying attention (linking new memories to old memories makes it easier to encode)

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8
Q

what is involved in the consolidation phase of declarative memory?

A

organizes and stabilizes the info with repetitions

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9
Q

what is involved in the retrieval phase of declarative memory?

A

being able to retrieve the memories that have been encoded

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10
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

collection of personal events

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11
Q

what is somantic memory?

A

facts and commonly shared knowledge

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12
Q

what type of memory is episodic and semantic memory?

A

declarative

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13
Q

what structures store declarative memory?

A

medial temporal lobe

med temporal cortex

hippocampus

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14
Q

what is procedural memory?

A

implicit/nonconscious

recall of skills/habits

perceptual and cognitive skills

practice is required to store procedural memories

requires less attention when repeated

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15
Q

what are perceptual skills?

A

object, pattern, and face recognition

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16
Q

what are cognitive skills?

A

reasoning, logic, problem solving

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17
Q

what structures send out efferent copies of procedural memories?

A

frontal cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia

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18
Q

what is motor learning?

A

3 stages: cognitive, associative, and autonomous

involves the striatum, premotor cortex, supplementary motor areas, and parietal cortex

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19
Q

what is motor adaptation?

A

adjusting and adapting movement sequences as compared to the efferent copy

comparing the actual vs intended movement

involves the cerebellum, parietal cortex, and motor cortex

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20
Q

what is consciousness?

A

state of awareness of self and environment that requires the BS, thalamus, and cerebral

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21
Q

which part of the thalamus controls consciousness?

A

intralaminar nuclei

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22
Q

what are the 4 reticular nuclei involved in consciousness?

A

raphe nuclei

locus ceruleus/MRZ

PPN

substantia nigra/VTA

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23
Q

what are the 4 NTs involved in consciousness?

A

dopamine, NE, serotonin, ACh

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24
Q

which nuclei and NT is associated with generalized arousal level?

A

nuclei: raphe nuclei

NT: serotonin

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25
Q

which nuclei and NT is associated with attention (direction of consciousness)?

A

nuclei: locus ceruleus/MRZ

NT: NE

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26
Q

what nuclei and NT is associated with selection of object of attention, based upon goals?

A

nuclei: PPN

NT: ACh

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27
Q

what nuclei and NT is associated with motivation, motor activity, and cognition?

A

nuclei: substantia nigra and VTA

NT: dopamine

28
Q

which NT is involved in addiction and reward seeking behavior?

A

dopamine

29
Q

what are the different types of attention?

A

orienting attention

divided attention

selection attention

sustained attention

switching attention

30
Q

what is orienting attention?

A

being able to locate specific info from many dif info (focusing on one person in a classroom full of people)

31
Q

what is selection attention?

A

suppressing other info (working in a coffee shop and blocking out a lot of surrounding stim)

32
Q

what is dividing attention?

A

ability to attend to 2 or more things simultaneously (driving, seeing traffic light and decelerating or accelerating)

33
Q

what is sustained attention?

A

ability to continue an activity over time (reading, writing notes, driving for a long time)

34
Q

what is switching attention?

A

ability to change from one path to another

35
Q

what is intellect?

A

ability to understand and form concepts and reason

involved memory and ability to process mental events

requires integrating verbal, visuospatial, and working memory fxns, social awareness, and goal-directing behavior

ability to think logically and somewhat abstractly

36
Q

what structure allows for integration of verbal, visuospatial, and working memory functions, social awareness, and goal-directed behavior for intellect?

A

white matter structures (lat prefrontal cortex and post parietal lobe)

37
Q

what is amnesia?

A

loss of declarative memory

declarative and procedure memory formation is dissociated

38
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A

loss of memories b4 the trauma or disease

capable of learning new procedural skills

39
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

loss of memories for events after the trauma or disease

can’t learn new things and form new declarative memories

40
Q

what is a loss of consciousness?

A

temporary due to head trauma or space occupying lesions/tumors

41
Q

what happens in head trauma that causes a loss of consciousness?

A

diffuse axonal shearing from movement of the cerebral hemispheres (torque/shear) relative to the BS

42
Q

what happens in space occupying lesions/tumors that causes a loss of consciousness?

A

puts pressure on the BS

43
Q

t/f: impaired attention can affect one or more attentional abilities

A

true

44
Q

dual task activities are impacted in what populations?

A

brain injury

older

stroke

45
Q

what are dual activities?

A

divided attention to multitask?

46
Q

what is ADHD?

A

developmentally inappropriate inattention and impulsiveness

inattentiveness: girls>boys
impulsiveness: boys>girls

normal selective attention

47
Q

what types of attention are affected in ADHD?

A

divided and sustained attention

48
Q

why are there cognitive and learning disabilities in Down Syndrome?

A

there is a reduced weight of the brain and the relative size of the frontal lobe is smaller

49
Q

by age 40, many people with Down syndrome will develop what?

A

Alzheimer’s disease (but most cases have subtle behavioral changes

50
Q

why are there cognitive and learning disabilities in PKU?

A

demyelination and neuronal loss due to the retention of phenylalanine

51
Q

what is the most common learning disability?

A

dyslexia

52
Q

what are learning disabilities?

A

failure to develop specific types of intelligence

53
Q

what is dementia?

A

generalized mental deterioration

disorientation, impaired memory, judgement, and intellect

54
Q

what are the causes of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

frontotemporal dementia

dementia w/Lewy bodies

PD

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

vascular dementia (reduced blood flow caused symptoms)

55
Q

what is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

progressive mental deterioration

memory loss, confusion, and disorientation

56
Q

what are the causes of AD?

A

dysfxn affecting vascular endothelial cells in the brain

blood brain barrier malfxn

neuronal toxicity

tau protein accumulation

57
Q

what is the biggest risk factor for AD?

A

aging

58
Q

what are the initial signs of AD?

A

forgetfulness, word loss

59
Q

what are the later signs of AD?

A

inability to produce or comprehend language

irritability, emotional lability, apathy, paranoia, and aggression

motion blindness

60
Q

what is emotional lability?

A

rapid uncontrollable response that may be exacerbated

explosive outburt of anger CNA be related to an angering situation and is blown out of proportion or can be a completely inappropriate response

61
Q

what is motion blindness?

A

inability to interpret visual flow

can’t tell if an object is coming towards or away from you

common in AD - why they get lost so easily

62
Q

t/f: in AD chronic inflammation leads to brain atrophy

A

true

63
Q

what is frontotemporal dementia?

A

atrophy of the frontal and temporal cortices

64
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of frontotemporal dementia?

A

primary progressive aphasia

behavior frontotemporal dementia

65
Q

what is primary progressive aphasia?

A

degeneration of the language areas (L=verbal, R=nonverbal)

difficulty speaking/understanding speech

66
Q

what is behavioral frontotemporal dementia?

A

degeneration of the frontal and anterior temporal lobe

poor social cognition (inappropriate social behavior)

inappropriate and impulsive behavior, personality changes, emotional lability, apathy, and poor goal-directed behavior

may come off as antisocial

DPT 520 (13 decks)

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