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Biochemistry > Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

3 main sources for gluconeogesis

A

Amino acids
Lactate
Glycerol

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2
Q

Where does glycerol go through glucogenogenesis to become glucose?

A

The liver

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3
Q

What is the major organ for gluconeogenesis?

A

Liver

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4
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Synthesis of glucose from simpler precursors

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5
Q

How much glucose is needed by the body daily?

A

160g

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6
Q

How much glucose does the brain need per day?

A

120g

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7
Q

What is exogenous?

A

Dietary glucose

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8
Q

3 sources of blood glucose

A

Dietary intake
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

When does gluconeogenesis kick in?

A

At the absence of dietary glucose in the blood

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10
Q

What is missing when the body goes from fasting to starvation?

A

Glycogen

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11
Q

What is the only fuel for red blood cells?

A

Glucose

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12
Q

What is the primary fuel for the brain?

A

Glucose

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13
Q

Does the rate of glycolysis exceed the rate of oxidative metabolism?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What is the main source of glucose during starvation?

A

The muscles, when you are starving you body breaks down muscles

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15
Q

Which is the first molecule created in gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate

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16
Q

What 2 reactions can glycerol be used for?

A

Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

Other than the liver, where does gluconeogenesis take place?

A

Kidneys (10%)

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18
Q

2 reasons why gluconeogenesis is not the mere reversal of glycolysis

A

Energetics
Reciprocal regulation

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19
Q

How many irreversible steps in glycolysis must be bypassed in gluconeogenesis?

A

3

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20
Q

Are gluconeogenesis and glycolysis identical pathways?

A

No

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21
Q

Where is oxaloacetate formed?

A

In the mitochondria

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22
Q

What is oxaloacetate reduced to?

A

Malate

23
Q

What enzymes uses NADH to reduce oxaloacetate to malate?

A

Malate dehydrogenase

24
Q

When is gluconeogenesis predominant over glycolysis?

A

If glucose is required

25
Q

When is glycolysis predominant over gluconeogenesis?

A

If ATP is required

26
Q

2 molecules that activate glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis?

A

F-2,6 BP
AMP

27
Q

What molecule activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis?

A

Citrate

28
Q

What does ATP inhibit?

A

PFK-1

29
Q

How does ATP inhibit PFK-1?

A

By binding to the allosteric site

30
Q

What does high concentrations of citrate increase?

A

The inhibitory effect of ATP

31
Q

What does high ATP slow?

A

Glycolysis

32
Q

What does high ATP speed up?

A

Gluconeogenesis

33
Q

Which carbon in glucose is the reducing end?

A

Carbon 1

34
Q

What are glycogenic amino acids?

A

Amino acids which are able to undergo net conversion to glucose

35
Q

Can mammals convert fatty acids into glucose?

A

No

36
Q

Can plants and microorganism convert fatty acids into glucose?

A

Yes

37
Q

Where is glyceroneogenesis carried out?

A

In adipocytes

38
Q

What is glyceroneogenesis?

A

Conversion of pyruvate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Different sources for glucose

39
Q

Why are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis reciprocally regulated?

A

So that they don’t occur simultaneously in a futile cycle

40
Q

What is it called when glucose is scarce?

A

Hypoglycemia

41
Q

What determines whether glycolysis or gluconeogenesis will be most active?

A

Energy charge

42
Q

Which will be favored if ATP is required, glycolysis or gluconeogenesis?

A

Glycolysis

43
Q

Which will be favored if glucose is required, glycolysis or gluconeogenesis?

A

Gluconeogenesis

44
Q

Which hexokinase are inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate?

A

Hexokinase I
Kexokinase II
Hexokinase III

45
Q

Which hexokinase is not inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate?

A

Hexokinase IV

46
Q

Different name for hexokinase IV

A

GLucokinase

47
Q

What inhibits PFK-1?

A

ATP

48
Q

What is fructose 2,6-biphosphate a potent allosteric regulator of?

A

PFK-1 and FBPase-1

49
Q

What does glucagon signal?

A

That the liver should produce and release more glucose

50
Q

What does insulin signal?

A

That the liver should use glucose as fuel

51
Q

When is glucagon released?

A

When blood glucose levels decrease

52
Q

When is insulin released?

A

When blood glucose levels increase

53
Q

What does fructose 2,6-biphosphate stimulate?

A

Gluconeogenesis

Biochemistry (28 decks)

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