psych 239 midterm 1 Flashcards
what is abnormal psychology
abnormal psychology is the branch of the science of psychology that addresses the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behavior pattern
how do we define abnormal behavior
- is the behavior UNUSUAL
- Does the behavior VIOLATE SOCIAL NORMS
- does the behavior involves a FAULTY INTERPRETATION OF REALITY.
- does the behavior cause PERSONAL DISTRESS
- is the behavior maladaptive (does it cause problems)
- Is the behavior DANGEROUS to the person or to others
What gauges our perception of what is abnormal
- cultures: what is viewed as abnormal can be seen as normal in other behavior. Also we should be aware how different culture experiences states of emotional distress (depression and anxiety). Ex: those under the influence of God are positively viewed in India but can be viewed as abnormal in North America. If there is a failure to recognize culture difference, then there will be failure to treat and diagnose the abnormal behavior
- context: what is normal in one context, can be abnormal in another context
what is another word for abnormal behavior pattern
Abnormal behavior pattern can be classified as psychological disorder if it affect the psychological functioning/behavior of the behavior
how percent of Canadian will suffer from a psychological disorder
20% of Canadians will suffer from a
psychological disorder in their lifetime
how many percent of adults will be affected with anxiety disorder in their lifetimes
Affects almost 30% of adults in their lifetime
how many percent of adults will be affected with mood disorder in their lifetimes
affects over 20% of adults in their lifetime
how many percent of adults will be affected by substance abuse disorder in their lifetimes
affects over 20% of adults in their lifetime
how many percent of adult will be affected by any other disorder in their lifetimes
affects over 46% of adults in their lifetime
WHAT ARE THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR
DEVELOPING A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER?
- age. People can be more or less prone to developing psychological disorders depending on their age
- education.Education tend to be a protective factor against psychological disorder as people who stay to pursue their education tend to have high internal states to pursue their help when needed
- Childhood traumas
- Current stress
- Life events
- Lack of social
supports - Gender. Some conditions affect more gender than others
- Physical health
- Genetic
Predisposition. genetic predisposition is a important factor in developing a psychological disorder
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER?
- the exposure to multiple risks increases the likelihood
- exposure to two risk factors increase four times fold
- exposure to four risk factors increases tenfold
in the medieval times, what were the treatment of abnormal behavior
the doctrine of possession held that abnormal behavior were a sign of possession by evil spirits or the devil. Exorcists were employed to persuade evil spirits that the bodies of individuals were uninhabitable
how was abnormal behavior seen as witchcraft
Priest compiled a manual for witch hunting called the Malleus Maleficarum to help identify suspected witches
then later they were seen as witchcraft. the malleus maleficarum were going around to diagnose witchcraft
what is the demonological model
the view that abnormal behavior reflects invasion by evil spirit or demons. Trephining is a method to remove the evil spirit or demon by drilling a hole in their head
what is the origin of the medical model: an “ill humour”
since not all ancient greeks believed in the demonological model. the seeds of naturalistic explanation of abnormal behavior were sown by hippocrates and galen. hippocrates challenged the belief that illness of the body and mind were the result of natural causes not by the possession of supernatural spirits
he foreshadowed the development of the modern medical model, the view that Abnormal behavior results from underlying biological processes
what did Hippocrates believed the health of the body and mind depend on
he believed the health of the body and mind depended depended on the balance of humours. humours are four fluid I the body which are phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile. the imbalance of humours caused abnormal behavior
what is phlegmatic
it is slow and stolid.
a lethargic or sluggish person was believed to have an excess of phlegm
what is melancholia
states of severe depression. an overabundance of an excess of black bile was believed to cause depression or melancholia
what is sanguine
cheerful
an excess of blood created a sanguine disposition: cheerful, confident and optimistic
what is choleric
having or showing much temper
an excess of yellow bile made people “bilious” and choleric (quick-tempered)
what happens in asylums in Europe and new world
the first asylums in north America was the Hotel Dieu in Quebec city. it was founded in 1639 by the duchesses d’Aiguillon to care for people with psychological disorder and intellectual disabilities, poor, the destitturand the physically disabled. outside Quebec, people in the asylums were treated poorly
what is the reform movement:reform therapy
The reform movement: moral theory was meant to discourage immoral practice in the asylum. They did this with the mentality that if the asylum patients were treated better than there will be an improvement in their condition
however the treatment took a step back in Canada by returning back to their improper method of treating mental health patients. As the Mental institutions move to custodial care
what is the community mental health movement I Canada
provides advocacy, programs and resources that help to prevent mental health problems and illnesses. Pharmacology and phenothiazines were to treat the psychosis such as violated, agitated, illusions and more
what is phenothiazines
it is a group of antipsychotic drugs that helped suppress the most flagrant behavior patterns associated with schizophrenia. they began experimenting with chlorpromazine, a dug that was being used in conjunction with Anaesthesia for surgery. it had soothing qualities and potential worth aas treatment for psychotic symptoms. chlorpromazine was used to treat schizophrenia. it reduced the need for indefinite hospital stay and permitted many people with schizophrenia to be discharged to less restrictive home. this was a crucial moment in the mental health care system in canada
what did the policy of deinstitutionalization
it was based on the belief that psychiatric patient would benefit from the opportunity to lead more independent and fulfilling lives in the community while relying on general hospital for short term care during episode of illness
the textbook definition: practice of discharging large number of hospitalized mental patients of the community and reducing the need for new admission through the development of alternative treatment approaches such as halfway houses and crisis intervention services
who is Dr Ruth Kajander
Dr Ruth Kajander is a noticeable individual in the antipsychotic medication as she used medicine (chlorpromazine) to treat schizophrenia
what is medical model
Emil Kraepelin was involved in dementia praecox, he discovered it as a form of psychosis. today it is known as schizophrenia, he is considered as a biological illness
the medical model is a major advance over Demonology
what is the psychological model
Charcot was involved in hypnosis and hysteria. to study hysteria, he used hypnosis to treat and study his patients with hysteria . The patient with hysteria had physical symptoms such as paralysis or numbness that cannot be explained by any underlying physical causes
Freud was involved in the psychodynamic model, the model shows abnormal behavior lies in the interplay of forces within the unconscious mind
Freud conceptualized the term “catharsis” as an emotional release of paralyzing affects associated with negative, traumatic memories.
what is the SOCIOCULTURAL model
sociocultural model: Thomas szasz: the myth of mental illness
the SOCIOCULTURAL therapist believe that to better understand the root of abnormal behavior we must consider the broader social context in which behavior occur. they believe the cause of abnormal behavior may be found in the failure of society rather than the person such as poverty, lack of economic opportunity
according to Thomas szasz, mental illness is a myth. he believed mental illness is a problem in living
what is the biological perspective on abnormal behavior
depression and schizophrenia is a result of neuronal communication. in depression, we want to increase the amount of serotonin by reducing the uptake of serotonin
One can adopt a biologically oriented
perspective without using the terminology of the
medical model.
what is genome
All the genetic material encoded in DNA
what is DNA
The molecular structure of the genome comprised
of four organic compounds
A: adenine
T: thymine
C: cytosine
G: guanine
what are the stats about human genome
genome: all of the genetic material encoded in DNA. there are 2.8 billion pairs with 20-25 thousand genes
what parts of neurons
- soma
- Dendrites
- axon
- axon
- terminal
- knobs
how is neural impulse transmitted across the synapse
neurons transmit message neural impulses across synapse, which consist of the axon terminal of the transmitting neurons; the gap or synaptic cleft, between the neurons and the Dendrites of the receiving neurons. the message consists of neurotransmitters that are released by synaptic vesicles (sacs) into the synaptic cleft and taken up by receptor sites on the receiving neurons. finally neurotransmitter are broken down and reabsorbed by the axon terminal to be recycled
what neurotransmitter plays a role in psychological disorder
- Excesses and deficiencies of the
neurotransmitter norepinephrine have been
connected with mood disorders and eating
disorders - Reduced levels of neurotransmitter
acetylcholine is associated with Alzheimer’s
Disease - Excessive levels of neurotransmitter dopamine appear to be involved in schizophrenia
- Serotonin, another neurotransmitter, is linked to
anxiety disorders, mood disorders, sleep
disorders and eating disorders
what is Psychodynamic Models
the psychodynamic models is called psychoanalytic model which is based on the belief that psychological problems are derived from unconsciousness psychological conflicts , which can be traced to childhood. Freud held that meud of our behavior is driven by unconcious motives and conflicts of which we are unaware, these underlying conflict revolve around primitive sexual and aggressive instinct or drives and the need to keep these primitive impulses out of direct awareness. since awareness of these primitive impulses including murderous urges and incestuous impulses would flood the conscious self with crippling anxiety
what is the structure of mind
Freud believes the mind is like an iceberg. freud believe the largest part of the mid, which includes our deepest wishes, fears,and instinctual urges remains below the surface of consciousness.
conscious: our present awareness
preconscious: beneath the surface of awareness. the memories of experiences can be found that are not in awareness but can be brought into awareness with focus
unconscious: beneath the surface of awareness. the largest part of the mind. Freud believed the unconcious is the repository of biological drives or instinct such as sex and aggression
what is the structure of personality
according to Freud, the personality is divided into three mental entities or psychic structure which are id, ego, and superego
what is id
it is the psychic structure present at birth. it is the repository of our baser drives and instinctual impulses including hunger, thrist, sex and aggression. operates completely in the unconscious and was described by Freud as chaos. the id follows the pleasure principles as it demands instant gratification of instinct without consideration of social rules or customs or the needs of others. it operates primary process thinking, the primary process thinking is the mode of relating to the world through imagination and fantasy. this enables the id to achieve gratification by conjuring up a mental image of the object of desire
what is ego
ego is developed during the first year of life to organize reasonable way of coping with frustration in the delay of gratification. ego seeks to curbs the demands of the id and to direct behavior in keeping with social customs and expectation. gratification can be achieved but not at the expense of social disapproval. the ego is governed by the reality principle, it considers what is practical and possible as well as the urging of the id. the ego engages in secondary process thinking, which is the remembering, planning and weighing of circumstance that permit a compromise between the fantasies of the id and the realities of the world outside. the go lays the groundwork for the development of the conscious senses of the self
what is superego
during the middle childhood, the superego developed. the moral standard and values of parents and other key people become internalized through a process of identification. the superego operates according to the moral principles, it demands strict adherence to moral standard. the superego represents the moral values of an ideal self called the eo ideal. it also serves as a conscience or internal moral guardian that monitors the ego and passes judgement on right and wrong. it distributes out punishment in the form of guilt and shame when it finds the ego has failed to adhere to the superego’s moral standard
what is structural hypothesis
in Freud theory, the belief that the clashing forces within the personality could be divided into three psychic structure, the id,the ego, and the superego
what are the stages of Psychosexual development
- oral stages: babies use their mouth to analyze the world. oral fixation is caused by unmet oral needs causing smoking, nail biting and more in adulthood
- anal stages: retentive & expulsive traits: The Anal retentive personality is stingy, with a compulsive seeking of order and tidiness. The person is generally stubborn and a perfectionist. The Anal expulsive personality is an opposite of the Anal retentive personality, and has a lack of self control, being generally messy and careless.
- phallic stages: Oedipus/electra complex. The Oedipus complex is a Freudian term that wasnamed after a man that unknowingly killed his father and slept with his mother. Freud said that a boy develops an unconscious infatuation towards his mother, and simultaneously fears his father to be a rival. This happens at an unconscious level. The Electra complex, whose name was inspired by a Greek myth, refers toa young girl’s attraction to the parent of the opposite sex during thephallic stage. At that time of psychosexual development, the daughter develops a sense of competition with her mother. Castration anxiety is a psychoanalytic concept introduced by Sigmund Freud to describea boy’s fear of loss of or damage to the genital organ as punishment for incestuous wishes toward the mother and murderous fantasies toward the rival father.
- latency stages: The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is repressed or dormant. This energy is still present, but it is sublimated into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions. This stage is important in the development of social and communication skills and self-confidence.Fixation at this stage can result in immaturity and an inability to form fulfilling relationships as an adult.
- genital stages: The genital stage appears when the sexual and aggressive drives have returned. The source of sexual pleasure expands outside of the mother and father. If during the phallic stage, the child was unconsciously attracted to the same-sex parent, then homosexual relationships can occur during this stage.
what did Freud believe is the difference between normal and abnormal
Freud believed there is a thine line between normal and abnormal. both normal and abnormal behavior are motivated or driven by irrational drives of the id. the difference may be largely a matter of degree. normality is a matter of the balance of energy among the psychic structures of if, ego, superego. in normal people, the ego has the strength to control the instinct of the id and to withstand the condemnation of the superego.
what is defense mechanisms
in psychodynamic theory, the reality-distorting strategies used by the ego to shield itself from conscious awareness of anxiety-evoking or troubling material
It prevents socially unacceptable impulse from rising into consciousness
if not for the defense mechanisms , the darkest sins of our childhood, the primitive demands of our ids and the censures of our superego might disable us psychologically
what are the different types of defense mechanism
- repression
- regression
- displacement
- denial
- reaction formation
- rationalization
- rationalization
-projection - sublimation
what is repression
expulsion from awareness of unacceptable ideas or motives
ex: a person remains unaware of harbouring hateful or destructive impulses toward others
what is regression
the return of behavior that is typical of earlier stages of development
ex: under stress, a university student starts biting his nails or becomes totally dependent on others
what is displacement
the transfer of unacceptable impulses away from threatening individuals toward safer or less threatening objects
ex: a worker slams a door after his boss chews him out
what is denial
refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire
ex: a person harshly rebukes his or her spouses but denies feeling angry
what is reaction formation
behaving in a way that is the opposite of one’s true wishes or desires in order to keep these repressed
ex: a sexually frustrated person does on a person crusade to stamp out indecency
what is rationalization
the use of self-justification to explain unacceptable behavior
ex: a woman says when asked why she continues to smoke “ cancer doesn’t run in my family”
what is projection
imposing one’s own impulses or wishes onto another person
ex: a sexually inhibited person misinterpret other people friendly approach as sexual advance
what is sublimation
the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits
ex: a person channels aggressive impulses into competitive sports
what is psychosis
psychosis results when the urges of the id spill forth into consciousness, untempered by an ego that either has been weakened or is underdeveloped. the fortress of the ego is overrun and the person loses the ability to distinguish between fantasy and reality
what is neo Freudians
it is a term used to describe the second generation of theriorst who followed into the Freudian tradition. on the whole neo Freudians such as Jung, alder, Horney, Sullivan placed greater emphasis on the importance of cultural and social influence on behavior and lesser importance on sexual impulses and the functioning of the id
what is the behaviorism aspect of normal and abnormal behavior
people can learn abnormal behavior from situational factors such as harsh punishment for early exploratory behavior in the form of masturbation which might give rise to adult anxieties. also poor child rearing can have a contribution
watson, skinner and other behaviorists believed human behavior is a product of genetic endowment and environmental or situational influences. however Freud saw us as driven by irrational unconscious forces, behaviourists see us as a product of environmental influences that shape and manipulate our behavior.
behaviorists focus on the role of two major forms of learning in shaping normal and abnormal behavior: classical conditioning and operant conditioning
what is involved in classical conditioning
-Conditioned response (CR)
- Unconditioned stimulus (US)
- Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Response (UR
what is conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, a learned or acquired response to a previously neutral stimulus. a response to a conditioned stimulus
what is unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS)
stimulus that elicits an instinctive or unlearned response from an organism
what is unconditioned response (UR or UCR)
unlearned response or a response to an unconditioned stimulus
what is conditioned stimulus (CS)
previously neutral stimulus that comes to evoke a conditioned response following repeated pairing with a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) that had already evoked that response
what is the process of classical conditioning
before conditioning:
the neural stimulus doesn’t evoke no response or orienting response
AND
the unconditioned stimulus lead to unconditioned response
during conditioning:
the conditioned stimulus will begin to be associated with the unconditioned response and the unconditioned stimulus still leads to unconditioned response
after conditioning:
the conditioned stimulus lead to conditioned response
what is associated with operant conditioning
- reinforcement and reward
- positive and negative reinforcer
- primary and secondary reinforcer
- positive punishment and negative punishment
what is reinforcement
stimulus that increases the frequency of the response it follows.
what is positive reinforcers
types of reinforcers that increase the frequency of a behavior when they are presented. food and social approval are generally, but not always, positive reinforcers
what is negative reinforcer
reinforcers whose removal increase the frequency of an operant behavior. anxiety, pain and social disapproval often function as negative reinforcers: that is their removal tends to increase the rate of the immediately preceding behavior
what is the social cognitive theory
a broader view of learning theory that emphasizes both situation determinants of behavior (reinforcement and punishment) and cognitive factors (expectancies, values, attitude, beliefs, etc)
what is reciprocal determinism
the ongoing process of two way interaction among personal factors (cognitive abilities: expectancies, values, attitude,and belief and affective and biological characteristics), behavior (skills, talents, habits and interpersonal relations) and environmental factors(physical surrounding and other people)
what is expectancies
in social cognitive theory, a personal variable describing people’s predictions of future outcomes
what are the view of social cognitive theorist
A social-cognitive theorist emphasized the roles of thinking or cognition and of learning by observation or modeling in human behavior. also, they view people as affecting their environment just as the environment affect them.
and this is all associated with Alberta Bandura
based on social cognitive theory, if the model was reward or punish for their actions, will make it more or likely to behavior is recreated. if the behavior is modeled then it will most likely be recreated. observational learning is used to learn behavior using rewards and punishment
what are the humanistic approach to the PSYCHOLOGICAL perspective
Humanistic-Existential Models
* Carl Rogers
* Self actualization
* Abraham Maslow
* Living Authentically
what is self-actualization according to Carl Rogers
self-actualization is the ongoing process of maintaining and enhancing the individual’s self-concept through reflection, reinterpretation of experience, allowing the individual to recover, develop, change, and grow
who is abraham Maslow
he is associated with the hierarchy of need
Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior. According to Maslow, the highest-level needs relate to self-actualization, a process by which we achieve our full potential.
who is les Greenberg
he is associated with Emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence involves the ability to motion one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action
what is Carl Roger associated with
- Conditional (versus unconditional)
positive regard - Conditions of worth
what is Conditional (versus unconditional) positive regard according to carl roger
Conditional positive regard means giving someone esteem, love, or support only on the basis of certain conditions. By contrast, unconditional positive regard means giving love and support regardless of the person’s behavior will lead to a healthy and not too bad child with no mental health illness
what is the condition of worth according to Carl Rogers
According to humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers, conditions of worth develop early in life based on the conditional positive regard and approval we receive from significant others, especially parents.
A condition of worth arises when the positive regard of a significant other is conditional, when the individual feels that in some respects he is prized and in others not. Gradually, this same attitude is assimilated into his own self-regard complex, and he values an experience positively or negatively solely because of these conditions of worth which he has taken over from others, not because the experience enhances or fails to enhance his organism.
lecture definition: needed to behave in a way to be approved
this can be good so we don’t behave as wild animal
what is THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Cognitive Perspectives
* Information Processing Approaches
* Interpretive biases
* Albert Ellis
* Activating events->Beliefs->Consequences
* Aaron Beck
* Tripartite model
what is Information Processing Approaches
it is an approach to cognitive development studies that aims to explain how information is encoded into memory. there are four stages of information processing in the brain. these four stages include attending, encoding, storing and retrieving
what is interpretation bias
Interpretation bias is a form of cognitive bias in which ambiguous situations are appraised as negative or threatening. Although the domain of interpretation bias can vary by diagnosis (e.g., social anxiety vs. panic), the general process of interpreting ambiguity in a negative manner is transdiagnostic.
who is Albert Ellis
he believed troubling events in themselves do not lead to anxiety, depression or disturbed behavior. rather it is the irrational belief about unfortunate experience that foster negative emotions and maladaptive behavior
he used an ABC approach to explain the cause of the misery
Activating events –> beliefs –> consequences
what is catastrophize
to exaggerate or magnify the negative consequences of events; to blow things out of proportion
this term is associated with Albert Ellis
who is Aaron Beck
he proposed that depression may result from cognitive error
he is associated with Tripartite model
what is beck’s four cognitive errors AKA Cognitive distortions
- selective abstraction
- overgeneralization
- magnification
- absolutist thinking
what is selective abstraction
people may selectively abstract (focus exclusively on) the parts of their experiences that reflect on their flaws and ignore evidence of their competencies
what is overgeneralization
people may overgeneralize from a few isolated experiences. for example, they may see their future as hopeless because they were laid off or believe they will never marry because they were rejected by a dating partner
what is magnification
people may blow out of proportion or magnify the importance of unfortunate events. students may catastrophize a bad test grade by jumping to the conclusion that they will flunk out of university and their lives will be ruined
what is absolutist thinking
people see the world in black and white terms rather than in shades of grey. absolutist thinkers may assume any grade less than a perfect A or a work evaluation less than rave is a total failure
what is Cognitive-behavioral modification
Cognitive-behavioral modification (CBM) approaches altering self-talk and life narrative to promote positive behaviors, and thus outcomes.
Donald Meichenbaum uses cognitive–behavioral therapy with a constructive-narrative perspective in which he looks at the stories clients tell about themselves and considers ways that the client could develop a different, more positive story.
