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NE Exam 2 > 16: Cerebral Vasculature > Flashcards

16: Cerebral Vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood is required per minute?

A

750ml

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2
Q

What makes up the circle of Willis?

A

2 internal carotids + basilar A (from 2 vertebral A’s)

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3
Q

Explain the Circle of Willis

A

There is little mixing of blood in is - so blockage of blood flow will only impact part of the brain, causing localized ischemia

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4
Q

Two neurotransmitters for symp innervation of cerebral circulation

A

Norep, neuropeptide Y

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5
Q

What does parasymp innervation do in cerebral circulation

A

Vasodilation of larger blood vessels, but physiological relevance is uncertain

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6
Q

Three neurotransmitters for parasymp innervation of cerebral circulation

A

Ach, VIP, PHM-27

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7
Q

What does VIP stand for

A

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

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8
Q

What is PHM-27 derived from?

A

Pre-pro-VIP

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9
Q

What happens with sensory innervation to cerebral circulation with decreased CSF volume

A

Brain is effectively heavier, and simple motion can cause torsion of blood vessels, causing pain

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10
Q

Why is autoregulation of cerebral circulation important?

A

high BP could damage the BBB

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11
Q

How does the body protect against high BP in the brain?

A

Symps in the brain will vasoconstric vasculature, increasing systemic BP but protecting the brain and BBB from damage

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12
Q

Four factors that can increase intracranial pressure

A
  1. Hydrocephaly
  2. Cerebral edema
  3. Intracranial bleeding
  4. Tumor
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13
Q

How much CSF is present in a given moment?

A

150ml

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14
Q

How much CSF is made in a day?

A

550ml

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15
Q

Weight of brain in air vs with CSF

A

In air: 1400g

In CSF: 50g

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16
Q

Four ventricles in the brain

A

Two lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

17
Q

Flow of CSF generally

A

Is in one direction through the ventricular system

18
Q

What absorbs CSF at the end of its path?

A

Arachnoid villi

19
Q

Primary mechanism of arachnoid villi CSF absorption (and a secondary method)

A

Bulk flow of CSF into venous sinus (also uses pinocytosis)

20
Q

Absorption of CSF is proportional to what?

A

Intracranial pressure

21
Q

Normal intracranial pressure (in mmCSF)

A

112 mmCSF

22
Q

If intracranial pressure is below what value, CSF will not be reabsorbed?

A

Below 68mm CSF

23
Q

How many times more dense is mmHg vs mm CSF?

A

X13

24
Q

What area makes the most CSF and how much of it is it making? Where is the rest of CSF made?

A

Choroid plexus: makes 50-70% of CSF

Other locations: lining of ventricles

25
Q

Surface area in choroid plexus

A

Is v high to make lots of CSF

26
Q

Why is HCO3 important in CSF?

A

Controls pH

27
Q

How do Mg and Cl enter CSF?

A

Are added in

28
Q

How does CO2 enter CSF

A

Due to neuronal metabolism

29
Q

Why must K be tightly controlled in CSF?

A

Is permeable to neuronal membrane

30
Q

Why must Ca be tightly controlled in CSF?

A

Can be toxic

31
Q

Does glucose cross BBB readily?

A

No it does not

32
Q

Two components of the brain capillaries that limit exchange in the BBB

A
  1. Tight junctions between endothelial cells

2. Glial endfeet: come into close contact with blood vessels

33
Q

Three major functions of the BBB

A
  1. Protect CSF from blood-borne agents and toxins
  2. Maintains electrolyte composition (mostly K)
  3. Maintains Vm
34
Q

What do P-glycoprotein and MDR1 stand for?

A

Pump glycoprotein, multi-drug resistance protein 1

35
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior pituitary

36
Q

Why are there four regions with a handicapped BBB?

A

They require exposure to blood substances

37
Q

What are the capillaries like in circumventricular organs?

A

Capillaries doesn’t have tight junctions

38
Q

Circumventricular organs

A

The four brain regions with a handicapped BBB

NE Exam 2 (20 decks)

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