16 marker plans for birmingham Flashcards
(14 cards)
Evaluate the role of players in industrialisation in Birmingham - intro
- Birmingham’s industrialisation driven by combination of individual entrepreneurs, institutions, and infrastructural developments.
- These players shaped Birmingham’s economic base through innovation, investment, and urban development.
- While all contributed, local entrepreneurial players arguably had the most direct and transformative impact.
Evaluate the role of players in industrialisation in Birmingham - para 1
MATTHEW BOLTON - entrepreneurial player
- a01
- key figure in industrial revolution
- founded SoHo Manufactory 1761 with 700 workers.
- his factory pioneered modern mass production w steam power machines and labour - a02+3
- transformative impact
- new production techniques helped birmingham’s reputation as centre of engineering and metalwork –> encouraged investment and migration
- helped B transform from craft-based production to industrial-scale
Evaluate the role of players in industrialisation in Birmingham - para 2
BANKS - financial and middle class
a01
- growing middle class help establish major financial institutions like LLoyds 1765 and midlands bank 1836.
- banks provided access to credit, insurance and investment capital - allowed businesses to expand and take risks
a02+3
- created a supportive financial environment bc they enabled growth of small and medium businesses
- massively help industrialisation allowing firms to operate and invest in new tech
- affect was less than bolton bc they supported industrialisation rather than initiated it
Evaluate the role of players in industrialisation in Birmingham - para 3
CADBURY FAM
a01
- cad fam founded Bournville chocolate factory in 1870s.
- they built model village with high quality housing, parks and rec space for workers –. showing forms of ethical capitalism
- helped reduce inequality from rural-urban fringe
a02+3
- they invested into worker welfare and improved living standards –> cad boosted productivity and moral
- also diversifyed B industrial base into food manufacturing
- this promoted progressive and humane model of industrialisation showing players can also shape economy with social values
Evaluate the role of players in industrialisation in Birmingham - conclusion
- while multiple players contributed to Birmingham’s industrialisation, individual entrepreneurs like Matthew Boulton had the most direct and lasting impact.
- Financial institutions and infrastructure providers were vital maintainers, while socially minded players like the Cadburys added value later.
- The city’s transformation was therefore the result of layered contributions, led most powerfully by bolton
- Evaluate the role of players in deindustrialisation in Birmingham - intro
- Deindustrialisation in Birmingham from the 1970s onwards resulted from both external pressures and internal failures.
- A range of players — from TNCs and national government to local authorities and industrial sectors — influenced the process.
- While globalisation triggered initial decline, national policy failures and poor industrial planning significantly worsened its effects
- Evaluate the role of players in deindustrialisation in Birmingham - para 1
TNCs
ao1
- BY 1970+80s many TNCs relocated production overseas benefiting from cheaper labour costs and looser regulations
- this led to closure of traditional firms like Dunlop Tyres.
- Longbridge car plant once employed 22k+ workers but closed due to deindustrialisation
a02+3
- reflected global shift in comparative advantage which left cities like B exposed
- loss of large employers had domino effect n small businesses ans regional supply chains
- TNCs prioritised profit and competitiveness which no regard for communities left behind
- Evaluate the role of players in deindustrialisation in Birmingham - para 2
UK GOV POLICIES
a01
- although uk gov encouraged foreign investment it direct it to cities like Sunderland and Swindon rather than B
- So B received limited direct support during initial collapse
a02+3
- this failure to support B during critical period heightened job losses and sped up deindustrialisation
- it relefcted regional disparities
- the gov prioritised areas with economic incentives leaving B without investment to modernise and diversify
- Evaluate the role of players in deindustrialisation in Birmingham - para 3
CAR INDUSTRY
a01
- originally car manufacturing helped industrialisation especially Austin in Longbridge.
- then the industry became inflexible and inefficient - poor industrial relations, weak innovation and heavy reliance on gov support
a02+3
- This internal failure made the sector more vulnerable to global shifts. Instead of adapting to a changing economic climate, it stagnated, accelerating Birmingham’s industrial collapse. This highlights that not all decline was imposed from outside — local industries must also take responsibility for their inability to remain competitive.
- Evaluate the role of players in deindustrialisation in Birmingham - conclusion
Deindustrialisation in Birmingham was triggered by global forces, but poor national planning and industrial inertia deepened its impacts. TNCs and government were the most powerful players, but local mismanagement also contributed. Later regeneration helped recovery, but did not erase the socio-economic scars of industrial decline.
- Assess the social, cultural, economic and environmental impacts of structural economic change in Birmingham - para 1
SOCIAL
- collapse of manufacturing caused unemployment to peak at 19.4% in 1982 far above national average
- many skilled workers couldnt transition to service sector jobs due to skill mismatch especially older males
- this led poverty and deprivation especially in inner city areas like Nechells
- slum clearnances and suburbanisation displaces communities
- 400 tower blocks built on urban fringe
a02
- long and profound
- fueld urban decline and polarisation
new jobs in retail and businesses wefre low paid and insecure
- not everyone benefitted from regeneration
- Assess the social, cultural, economic and environmental impacts of structural economic change in Birmingham - para 2
CULTURAL
- after ww2 international migration from caribbean, south asia and far eastern countries changed Bs demographics
- by 2011 only 53% where white british and 13.5% pakistani
- this created distinct cultural zones like the Balti Triangle and Central Mosque
a02
- largely positive
- vibrant and multicultural city
- celebrated diversity in food, religion, community life
- but did create pressures on housing and services
- some communities experienced exclusion - isolation and inequality
- Assess the social, cultural, economic and environmental impacts of structural economic change in Birmingham - para 3
ECONOMIC
- between 1950 and 2013 metal manufacturing fell from 22% to 5% of employment
- while the tertiary sector expanded including finance, education and retail - many jobs werent same skills so struggled
- economy became more diverified and globally connected
- young ppl and graduate benefited from the new know ledge based industries emerging leading to higher pay stimulating economic growth
- this shows postive and negative
- negatives bc lots of unemployment
- Assess the social, cultural, economic and environmental impacts of structural economic change in Birmingham - para 4
ENVIRONMENTAL
- deindustrialisation left Jewellergy Quarter derelict and undrused
- projects like grand central station, eastside and library of brimingham improved urban envronments and air quality
- also reduced car use and enahnced public spacing
a03
- uneven
- betenfits from major investment
- spcatial inequality
- regenration enhanced inequality
