1640-1642 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What Religious reform did Laud introduce in 1640? What was the impact of this?
A
- ‘The New Book of Canons’, which asserted the power of the King’s royal authority and blamed religious wrongdoing on the Puritans
- Displayed how out of touch Charles and his government were with events in Scotland
2
Q
What was the outcome of the Second Bishop’s War?
A
- Resulted in the Scots gaining control over Newcastle
- Forced Charles to sign the unfavourable Treaty of Ripon on October 21 1640
3
Q
When did Charles sign the Treaty of Ripon?
A
October 21, 1640
4
Q
What were the conditions of the Treaty of Ripon? (3)
A
- Scots would continue to occupy Newcastle until a settlement was reached
- King would pay Scots £850/day until a settlement had been reached
- English parliament would be recalled –> Led to the calling of the Long Parliament
5
Q
What were the political implication of the loss of the Second Bishops war? (2)
A
- Was extremely humiliating for Charles as England had always defeated the Scottish convincingly
- Led to an extremely unfavourable Treaty of Ripon
6
Q
What were the economic implications of the loss of the Second Bishops war? (2)
A
- The Treaty of Ripon led to Charles paying £850/day to the Scots
- Newcastle was the home of English coal and as this was occupied, it proved a grave drain on the country’s economic potential
7
Q
Why did Charles call the Short Parliament? (4)
A
- Wentworth advised him
- Charles needed money to raise an army against Scotland
- Charles believed that calling parliament would raise public support for the invasion of Scotland
-A letter from the Scots to the King of France, requesting military support had surfaced & Charles believed the threat of a French invasion would act as encouragement to Parliament
(The letter was subscribed as ‘Au Roy’ which was claiming the French King as that of Scotland and was treasonous)
8
Q
What did Charles demand from the Short Parliament?
A
A tax to fund the Second Bishops War with Scotland
9
Q
Why wasn’t the Short Parliament willing to meet Charles demand for tax? (2)
A
- Wanted to address many of the issues that had arisen during the 11 years of Personal Rule
- -> They had no interest in supporting Charles in calling for a tax until they had addressed their agendas
10
Q
When was the Short Parliament?
A
13 April - 5 May 1640
11
Q
What is some evidence over the excitement over the Short Parliament?
A
- There had been an 11 year intermission and people wanted to get their thoughts heard
- 62 elections were contested, compared to 24 during the 1620s
- As of 1429, those who had 40 shillings or more could vote: centuries of inflation meant that in 1640, 1/3 of adult men could vote
12
Q
What did the Short Parliament seek to discuss?
A
-The lapse of liberties granted by the Magna Carta and the Petition of Rights
13
Q
How did Charles respond to the actions of the Short Parliament?
A
- He was becoming tired of Parliaments inactivity and inefficiency in granting him the money he wanted
- -> He saw it as not doing it’s duty: the exact same reason that he shut it down 11 years before
- Charles dissolved Parliament after only 3 weeks
14
Q
What were the implications of Charles dissolving the Short Parliament after 3 weeks?
A
-Led to a great degree of anger and disappointment as people had waited so long for parliament and were excited to finally be able to vent their frustrations
15
Q
Why did Charles call the Long Parliament?
A
-As a concession of the Treaty of Ripon following the failure of the Second Bishops War
16
Q
When was the Long Parliament?
A
Nov 1640 - 1660
17
Q
How did the Long Parliament impact Charles advisors and councillors?
A
- Both Strafford and Laud were impeached and imprisoned for treason
- -> Strafford was executed in May 1641 for treason
18
Q
When, why and how was Strafford executed?
A
- May 1641
- Convicted of treason by the parliament due to his creation of an Irish (‘Catholic’) army
- Initially tried him in parliamentary courts (impeachment) were he was cleared before passing an Act of Attainder against him in 1641
19
Q
When and what was the ‘Root and Branch Petition’?
A
- Dec 11 1640
- A petition presented by the Long Parliament, signed by 15,000 Londoners for an end of episcopacy in England
20
Q
When and what was the Triennial Act? (2)
A
- February 1641
- Concession from Charles to call parliament at least once every three years to avoid a repeat of the 11 years personal rule
21
Q
After the Triennial Act and the execution of Strafford, what was Charles hoping for?
A
-Hoped this would lead to calm and peace amongst his Kingdoms after years of unrest
22
Q
When and what was the Irish rebellion?
A
- 23 October 1641
- An attempted Coup d’etat of the native catholics in Ireland to gain political control over the protestant English settlers in Ireland
23
Q
What was the Ulster Massacre?
A
-The slaughter of 12,000 Protestants by Catholics marking the start of the 1641 Irish rebellion in October 1641
24
Q
What was the impact of the Ulster Massacre? (2)
A
- Confirmed the fear of a Popish plot held across the kingdom that people had previously feared of Charles
- Started to undo the peace Charles had found following the Long Parliament
25
When and what was 'The Grand Remonstrance'?
- November 1641
- A review of Charles' entire reign with a historical bias against the King, including some desired concessions, published by Pym
- Made up of 206 arguments against the King
26
What were the concessions requested in 'The Grand Remonstrance'? (2)
- Parliament to control the King's ministers
| - Bishops & Catholics to be excluded from parliament
27
What were the impacts of 'The Grand Remonstrance'? (2)
- The closeness of the vote emphasised how many MPs thought that Pym was going too far
- Led to a royalist faction developing around the King
28
What was the outcome of the vote on 'The Grand Remonstrance'? (2)
- The Bill only won by 11 votes (159 to 148) and nearly 200 MPs abstained
- -> Displayed how many MPs thought Pym was going too far and many MPs no longer shared the Junto's radical agenda
29
Why was 'The Grand Remonstrance' (Nov 1641) never passed as law? (2)
- Pym knew it would never be accepted by The House of Lords so decided not to push it through
- -> Instead, he published publically (Dec 21 1641) it as he knew it would attract support from outside parliament
- -> Increased Mob support for Parliament and popular animosity towards the royalty
30
What did the vote on 'The Grand Remonstrance' display about Pym's position and appeal? (2)
- At the start of the Short Parliament, Pym was representative of all of the MPs who wanted to discuss the legality of Charles' personal rule
- -> The vote displayed that many MPs felt that Pym was going too far and many MPs started to form a royalist faction around the King
31
How did the people of London respond to Charles in 1641? (2)
- A large turnout came to support him upon his specially organised return from Scotland
- However, growing unrest and dispute surfaced over episcopacy in later 1641
32
When and what were the protests of the people of London in 1641? (2)
- December 1641
| - Hundreds of citizens went to the Houses of Parliament to show their support for the Root & Branch petition
33
What was the impact of the Dec 1641 protests in London?
-Emphasised how Charles' position remained unstable and there was still a large amount of opposition to his policies
34
When and what was Charles' attempt to arrest 5 MPs? (2)
- January 1642
- Charles entered the House of Commons with his armed guards to arrest 5 leading MPs whom he thought were attempting to cause trouble
35
What was the outcome and impact of Charles attempt to arrest 5 MPs in 1642? (4)
- The 5 MPs had made a quick getaway and so Charles could not arrest them
- Made Charles seem immoderate and radical, destroying the aura of sensibility he had built up since the Long Parliament and damaging the royalist faction he had built up around him
- Charles was no longer safe in London and so fled to Hampton Court
- ->This resulted in Parliament now having control of London
36
What were the series of events of the trial of Archbishop Laud? (3)
- Arrested in late 1640 as part of the political pressure put on Charles and his advisors
- Impeachment case failed
- Act of attainder passed and executed in early 1641
37
How did the parliaments of 1640 differ from previous parliaments? (4)
-Far more intensely contested than previous parliaments as more people could vote and more people were politically aware:
- Higher literacy rates meant more people were impacted by the printing press and were more politically aware
- As of 1429, only those who had 40 shillings or more could vote; after centuries of inflation many people could now vote in parliamentary elections
- Contests took place in between 1/3 and 1/2 of constituencies
38
How did petitions rise in significance during the parliaments of 1640? (3)
-Printing press and parliaments generated more petitions
eg.
-Grand Remonstrance gained 15,000 signatures
-Committee for Scandalous Ministers gained 900 petitions
39
What was the Junto? (2)
- Made up of the Puritan Network
| - -> Was the controlling party of parliament
40
What were the events in the aftermath of the Charles fleeing London in 1642 that led to the militarisation of civil war? (4)
Feb 1642: Henrietta Maria sails to Holland to seek foreign military support
March 1642: House of Lords passes the Militia Ordinance Bill
April 1642: Sir John Hotham refuses to allow the King to enter the port of Hull
July 1642: Charles orders Commission of Array
41
What was the July 1642 Commission of Array?
-Charles called an army and put the military on standby without the consent of parliament
42
What was the March 1642 Militia Ordinance? (2)
- A law that allowed Parliament to control the Lord Lieutenants and therefore control the English Militia
- Charles refused to provide royal consent but Parliament declared the law valid anyway
43
What were the consequences of the March 1642 Militia Ordinance? (2)
- Was the first time that Parliament had passed a law without the King, greatly aggravating tensions between parliament and the King
- Parliament's subsequent control of the militia was a direct military threat to the King and aggravated the rise to civil war
- The militia ordinance could be seen as unconstitutional and treasonous so there was no going back for the parliamentarians now
- -> Led to Charles declaring the Commission of Array in July 1642 making both sides militarised
44
When and what was the Bishop's exclusion bill?
Feb 1642
- Excluded all Bishops from the House of Lords
- Was a direct response to the Bishops objection of religious reform in Parliament
45
When and what was 'The Nineteen Propositions'? (2)
- July 1642
| - One final approach to the King over concessions and peace with parliament before civil war
46
What were some of the concessions requested in 'The Nineteen Propositions'? (3)
- Root & Branch reform
- Parliament chooses King's councillors
- Parliament choses King's children's education
47
What was the outcome of 'The Nineteen Propositions'? (2)
- They were an extremely tough negotiation
| - Charles rejected them as many of them completely removed what it meant to be a king at all!
48
What was impeachment and how did it come about in England?
- Commons vote to put someone on trial and then the trial is carried out in the House of Lords
- Began in 1621 with the Duke of Buckingham
49
What was an Act of Attainder?
Houses of commons and Lords have to vote to make someone guilty
- No one has to be found guilty through a trial
- Once the accused has been found guilty, the King's assent is required for the punishment to be carried out
50
Why did the trial of Strafford switch from an impeachment to an Act of Attainder? (3)
- Uncertainty whether Lords would support it
- Uncertainty over evidence as Strafford defended himself well
- An Attainder would force the King to take responsibility for Strafford's death (death warrant) and so would put pressure on Charles
51
How did Charles feel about signing Strafford's death warrant?
- He was greatly opposed to it
| - -> Promised Strafford that no harm would come to him
52
Why did Charles sign Strafford's death warrant? (6)
- Pressure from Commons and Lords
- Pressure from the entirety of Ireland
- Advice of Privy Council and Bishops
- Growing instability and dismay due to fear of French invasions/Army plot and civil war
- Pressure from public (24 April 1641 a 'Petition of Justice' against Strafford gained 20,000 signatures)
- Fear for Queen's and family's safety
53
Why did Parliament want Strafford executed? (3)
- Saw him as an evil councillor
- Fear of his Irish army and potential popery
- Pym saw it as a way of attacking the King and his prerogative
54
What were the consequences of Strafford's execution? (2)
- Created a sense of peace and calm amongst the riots and protests
- Enabled Pym to gain concessions and break down the King's prerogative
55
What concessions did Charles make to the Long Parliament? (3)
- Declared that he would rule within the Law and only collect legally obtained revenues
- Would return the church to the condition it was in under Elizabeth I
- Appointed many of the petitioning peers into his privy council, displaying his willingness to obtain 'better council'
56
How did Charles attempt to achieve foreign military support? (2)
- Hoped the marriage of his daughter, Mary and William, son of the Prince of Orange would be followed by Dutch military aid
- Queen also attempted to gain support from the pope and the French (Impossible unless Charles committed to Catholicism which was impossible in the English climate)
57
When and what concessions did Charles make in regards to finances? (3)
June 22nd 1641: Tonnage and Poundage Act: Customs duties cannot be charged without parliamentary consent
7 August 1641: Ship Money Act: Abolished all forms of ship money, including occasional charges on coastal towns
10 August 1641: Made 'distraint of knighthood' fines illegal
58
What concessions did Charles make in regards to prerogative and personal rule? (3)
5 July 1641: Acts for the Abolition of the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission: Abolished the King's prerogative courts
15 Feb 1641: Triennial Act: Ordered that Charles call parliament for at least a 50 day period once every 3 years
-Appointed petitioning and puritan peers to his council, such as Bedford, Hertford and Essex
59
What caused the Army Plot? (2)
- The English army was sitting in the North, and had been unpaid by the Long Parliament
- -> The lack of pay led to disillusionment and resent from the army towards parliament
60
What was the Army Plot? (3)
- Organised by Sir John Suckling and George Goring
- The plan to bring the Northern Army southwards
- Henrietta Maria was simultaneously calling on military support from France
61
When was the Army Plot?
March - May 1641
62
What was the aim of the Army plot? (2)
- Gain control of the Tower of London to free Wentworth
| - Put pressure on parliament and protect the King
63
Why did the Army Plot fail? (2)
- Goring mistakenly leaked the plan to parliament who then prepared (eg. placing 500 Tower Hamlets Militia in the Tower)
- Rising fear of a Popish plot (French Army + King attacking parliament)
- -> The arrival of only 100 soldiers in London led to Petitions for the King to remove them
64
What were the consequences of the Army Plot? (2)
- Led to growing distrust of the King's control of the Army
| - Polarising the Parliamentary and Royalist factions and turning them against each other
65
When and what was 'The Protestation'? (4)
- July 1641
- An oath of allegiance to Parliament, the Protestant faith and King Charles
- Contained information on the risk of Popish Plots, the tyrannical councillors and the illegal taxations
- -> Sent around to all the parishes and no one could hold a Church or state office without signing
66
What was the impact of the 1641 Protestation? (2)
- Spread alarm of the Popish Plot
- References to evil governments and illegal taxation spread the idea that resistance to authority was okay and- as it was passed by parliament- in fact supported
67
Why did society begin to fear the Scots in 1641? (2)
- On the 18th May 1641, news leaked that Charles planned to reconcile with Scotland who were now becoming disenchanted with the English Parliament
- As the Northern and 'Irish Popish' armies were still in being, If Charles became reconciled with Scotland, there was the possibility that he could use the Scottish army as well
68
When and what was 'The Incident'? (2)
- October 1641
| - A royalist plot to kidnap and arrest a group of Presbyterian Covenanters in Scotland- Hamilton, Argyll and Lanark
69
What was the outcome and consequences of 'The Incident' 1641? (2)
- The plot ultimately failed as it was leaked to the Covenanters
- Made Charles look increasingly untrustworthy and ruined his chances of reconciling with the Scots for support against Parliament.
70
What were the impacts of the Irish Rebellion? (4)
- Re-aroused fears of a popish plot (eg. Irish Catholic Army and creation of "Catholic Confederate" in Kilkenny)
- Led to polarisations and divisions within government just as things seemed to be stabilising
- Fears of Charles' involvement
- -> Questioning of King's military authority (Militia Ordinance)
71
When was Charles' concessionary speech and what was its impact? (4)
- 25 January, 1641
- Charles pledged his commitment to the "true protestant religion"
- To "return religion and government to what they were in the purest times of Queen Elizabeth's days"
- -> Made government more sympathetic to him as he seemed to be making concessions
72
How did Strafford's Irish army impact the Irish rebellion? (2)
In August 1641, the House of Commons vetoes plan to send Irish army to Spain to fight Catholicism (This in itself gave a major boost to continental Catholicism)
--> Ironic as the unemployed troops were some of the major organisers of the rebellion
73
What were the consequences of Sir Philem O'Neil in the Irish rebellion? (3)
May 1640: Makes contact with cousin, Owen Roe O'Neil in Spanish Netherlands, who promised to return to Ireland with troops in the case of a rebellion
October 1641: Reveals an apparent commission authorising the rebellion from Charles I
--> Further sparks fears of international popish plot including the King
74
What is the outcome of the Irish Rebellion? (4)
Jan 1642: Royal proclamation condemns the rebellion
Feb 1642: Charles orders the remainder of the Irish army (now run by Earl of Ormond) to crush the rebellion
April 1642: 2500 Scots arrive to aid in destroying the Rebellion
--> The revolt is eventually by the Irish and Scottish forces
75
Why did Ireland undergo a rebellion in 1641? (4)
- Instability created under Strafford
- Aggressive and expansionist Covenanter movement
- Anglo-Scottish rapprochement, which was explicitly anti-Catholic
- -> Irish rebellion can be seen as a response to the threats posed to Irish Catholics
76
What was the climate that resulted in fear of a popish plot? (eg. history, current affairs etc.)
- Less than fifty years after the Spanish Armada
- Less than 40 years since the gunpowder plot
- Thirty-years war on-going
- Ireland acted as a potential "back door" through which Catholicism could potentially gain access to England
77
How did the Printing Press impact the political tensions between Parliament and the King? (2)
- Allowed a greater spread of information and political propaganda so more could become politically active
- Introduced political satire and propaganda to increase animosity on both sides
78
When was the printing press discovered and by who?
1476 by William Caxton
79
What were the statistics on the rise in the number of prints during the political tension? (1639-1642)
1639: 450/year
1640: 900/year
1641: 2500/year
1642: 3500/year
80
Statistics on the London printing trade? (2)
- Number of Print Shops doubled in the 1640s
| - Expanded from 24 shops with 50 presses in 1640 to more than 40 shops and 70 presses by 1649
81
How did Laud's impeachment impact Printing? (2)
Laud was in control of the government's censorship
--> Following his impeachment and the collapse of episcopal licensing, the censorship stopped and so parliamentarians could begin printing shocking propaganda articles about the King
82
Examples of how the press impacted politics?
- Over 100 publications in 1641 demanding punishment for Strafford
- -> Large mobs pressurised the execution of Strafford
83
What was the cause of social unrest in the 1640s? (3)
- The populace seemed to be more hostile and uncooperative with the authorities
- Outpour of scorn towards constables, magistrates, clergy and gentry
- -> over 800 recorded cases of laymen refusing to assist constables, refusing to serve on watches or refusing to pay assessments
84
Examples of opposition to Episcopacy and Laudianism in the 1640s? (4)
- Bishop William Juxon and Arthur Duck both assaulted and abused during visitations in 1640 (Duck on 22nd October 1640)
- September 1640- 650 people chanted "no oath" at a demonstration in London against Laud's 1640 Ecclesiastical Canons
- By December 1641, 25 Bishops had been impeached
- Parliament was calling the abolishment of Episcopacy (eg. Bishop's exclusion Bill)
85
How did Charles regain control of London following his return? (2)
- Outpouring of support for the King at a ceremony for his return to London on 25th November 1641
- He held the a celebration with many of the London Alderman at Hampton Court in December 1641- With their confidence, he could control the London militia and police the streets (This changed in Jan 1642)
86
How did Charles change his appointments to please the Puritans? (2)
-Appointed Calvinist Bishops
-Appointed Culpepper as Chancellor of Exchequer (Jan 2nd 1642) and Falkland as Secretary of State (Jan 8 1642) who were former protesters but then became part of the Royalist party
(Amongst many other formerly petitioning peers)
-Appointed Bedford, Saye and Essex to the privy council as part of the 'Bridge Appointments' (March 1641)
87
How did Charles respond to the Grand Remonstrance? What impact did this have? (2+1)
- Emphasised the threat of Parliamentary "separatists"
- Held out the possibility of reforming "unnecessary ceremonies"
- -> His response on the 23rd December lead to cries of support in Dover as 3000 gathered to listen to his proclamation
88
Evidence of parliamentary opposition to the Grand Remonstrance? (2)
- Geoffrey Palmer was charged with trying to incite violence within the house for his opposition to the Grand Remonstrance
- Only won by 11 votes: 159 to 148
89
When and what was the Siege of Hull? (2)
- April 1642
- Sir John Hotham refused Charles entry to Hull and so allowed the parliamentarians to gain control of the large armoury located in the city
90
When and what was the "et cetera oath"? (3)
- May 1640
- Part of the Convocation and an oath to uphold doctrine and hierarchy established in Laudian Church
- The etc oath alarmed people and was forced to be abandoned by Autumn 1640
91
Evidence of Scottish nobility in opposition to the Covenanters? (1 + Date)
- May 1640
| - 18 Scottish Lords, including Montrose sign Band against Covenanters
92
Evidence of the extent to which Charles I needed money in the Bishop's War (3)
- Charles released two MPs who were imprisoned in 1629 to gather support from short parliament for money (May 1640)
- Offered to give up Ship Money in return for 12 subsidies (May 1640)
93
When and what was the 'Special Committee on Scottish Affairs'? (3)
- May 1640
- A committee called over whether or not to fight the war given the lack of financial support from Short Parliament
- -> Wentworth swept aside hesitations and encouraged a fight, believing that the Scots could be easily beaten and that the Irish army could be called in if needed
94
How did MPs display their anger at the end of the Short Parliament and their desire for the recalling of parliament? (2)
- August 1640
| - 12 Peers submit petition to Charles condemning recent royal policy and requesting recall of parliament
95
What were the key religious reforms in the Long Parliament (non-episcopal)? (5)
Dec 16, 1640- Votes 1640 Canons illegal because passed after dissolution of parliament (also attack on prerogative & personal rule)
Dec 1640- Laud impeached
Jan 23, 1641- Passes order for destruction of images
May 3, 1641- Protestation Oath against Popery
Sept 1641- Commons passes resolution for destruction of altar rails, candlesticks and crucifixes
96
What were the key episcopal reforms in the Long Parliament?
Feb 1641- Commons debates Root and Branch petition, which demanded the abolition of episcopacy
Spring-Summer 1641: Proposals for reallocation of Dean & Chapter (Bishop's) Property to Crown + Proposals of using episcopal lands to promote education
Dec 1641- 12 Bishops protested too dangerous to attend HoL's --> HoC's arrested them and placed impeachment charges against them
Feb 13, 1642- Bishops' Exclusion Act excludes Bishops from HoL's
97
How did London come to be under Parliamentary control? (3)
- Dec 1641: Printing of Grand Remonstrance garnered popular opposition to the King
- Dec 21, 1641: City of London elects new Common Council more sympathetic to the Junto
- Jan 5, 1642: Charles attempt to arrest 5 members saw defiance from City people and London Common Council refuses to surrender members to Charles
98
Key constitutional reforms under the Long Parliament? (2)
Feb 15, 1641- Triennial Act (Parliament must be called for at least 50 days every 3 years)
May, 10, 1641- Bill Forbidding the Dissolution of Parliament without its own consent
99
What were the final steps in the path to war? (5)
June 11, 1642- Charles issued 'Commissions of Array' and revives statute of 1405 to raise troops by royal prerogative
July 9, 1642- Houses vote to raise army of 10,000 volunteers
July 12, 1642- Appoint Earl of Essex as Lord General of the Parliamentarian army
August 1642- Parliament declares Charles' supporters as traitors
August 22, 1642- Charles' raises standard at Nottingham: formal declaration of war
100
What were the Bridge Appointments? (2)
- Bedford attempted to get members of the Puritan network into Charles' close set of advisors
- However, Bedford died and the Bridge appointments never materialised
101
Why did Charles call the Long Parliament? (3)
- Scots occupied Newcastle- insisted that Parliament ratify terms and that Charles must pay £850/day
- Twelve peers petitioned for Charles to call Parliament
- Charles summoned the Great Council of Peers who encouraged/advised that Charles call Parliament
102
When and what was The Treaty of London? (2)
- August 1641
| - The agreement between the Covenanting forces and Charles, allowing them to leave England etc
103
Evidence of Court vs Country divide (County opposition to central politics)?
- Of the 493 MPs elected to the Long Parliament, at least 399 considered themselves ‘county MPs’ opposed to the king’s religious and economic policies.
104
Political motivations of the Bishops' Exclusion Bill?
excluding the bishops and catholic peers from the House of Lords would remove 1/3 of the Lords and allow the Commons to regain control of Parliament.
105
Impact of Lunsford on outbreak of war and disillusion of London? (4)
- Charles dismissed his lieutenant Sir William Balfour, appointing a thuggish army officer - Colonel Thomas Lunsford - in his place.
- Panic spread throughout the city with fears that Lunsford could take control of the city’s arsenal.
- 1000s of citizens took to the streets with weapons in their hands; the London homes of Bishops were attacked.
- Charles soon realised appointing Lunsford was a mistake and removed him on the 26th of December.
