1646-1649 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
When and what were ‘The Newcastle Propositions’?
A
July 1646
The political presbyterians presented Charles with a settlement whilst he was under Scottish control.
2
Q
What were some of the major proposals of The Newcastle Propositions? (5)
A
- Parliament: Triennial Act to be maintained
- Officers of the State: Parliament to nominate 13 ministers
- Militia: Parliament to control it for 20 years
- Church: Episcopacy to be abolished and Presbyterian Church to be established for 3 years
- Royalists: 58 to be excluded from general pardon
POMCR
3
Q
How did Charles respond to the Newcastle Propositions? Why did he respond this way? (1+1)
A
-Claimed that he needed more time to consider such a complex and important issue
–> Charles believed that if he stalled, divisions would eventually form between his enemies and he would be freed
4
Q
Why was there a division between Parliament and the Scots in early 1646? (3)
A
- According to the Solemn League and Covenant, Parliament had to establish a Presbyterian Church in England for 3 years after the victory in the first Civil War
- -> However, the independents felt creating a national church would alienate many in England
–> They formed a compromise- Robert Ballie called it a “lame Erastian Presbytery” where Bishops were abolished but the Church was not entirely independent (as the Scots wanted)
5
Q
Why were there tensions between Parliament and the NMA from 1646-1647? (3)
A
- Soldiers felt that as they had played such an important role in defeating the King, they should have a say in the peace settlement
- -> They were not content with the Newcastle Propositions
-A large army was no longer needed (12,400 men would be sent to Ireland; 6,400 would stay in England and the rest would be disbanded)
6
Q
What were the tensions between the NMA and the Scots? (2)
A
- NMA believed they were fighting for religious liberty and non conformity
- -> The Scots Presbyterian church policy conflicted this
7
Q
How was division developing within Scotland in 1646? (4)
A
- Growing reaction against the Covenanters
- -> Due to the failure of the Presbyterian church implementation in England
- -> And because of the defeat of the Covenanting forces in Ireland in June 1646
–> This led to a growing anti-covenanter group and the development of a Royalist presence in Scotland
8
Q
What were the divisions within Parliament following the capture of Charles?
A
-The gap between the Presbyterians and Independents widened following the capture of Charles
9
Q
How did the control of Parliament shift between presbyterians and independents between 1646-1647? (5)
A
- In 1646, the Presbyterians were the dominant group in Parliament
- As the King delayed his response to the Newcastle Propositions, the position of the Presbyterians weakened
- Recruiter elections in 1646-1647 saw many independents return to Westminster
- The Presbyterian position was strengthened once again when Scotland agreed to leave England and return Charles in exchange for £400,000
- -> The Presbyterians then set about dismantling the NMA which led to their ultimate downfall
10
Q
What were the Presbyterians’ plans for the NMA?
A
-Send 12,400 men to Ireland, keep 6,400 in England and disband the rest without arrears of pay or indemnity against prosecution for war crimes
11
Q
How did the NMA respond to the Presbyterians’ plans for them? (3)
A
- The soldiers and officers complained
- -> This resulted in Parliament offering 8 weeks’ arrears of pay (the infantry were owed 18 weeks pay and the Cavalry 43 weeks)
- On 29 May, the army officially refused.
12
Q
When and what was the NMA mutiny? (3)
A
- June 1647
- A force of 500 soldiers took Charles from Holdenby House to their headquarters in Newmarket and created a representative body there, called the Council of the Army
- They were angry with the Presbyterian MPs treatment of them
13
Q
When and what was the Declaration of the Army? (3)
A
- July 1647
- Declaration from the Council of the Army claiming they were not a “mere mercenary army”
- Called for a purge of the Long Parliament and the impeachment of 11 leading Presbyterians (including Denzil Holles)
14
Q
What was the outcome of the 11 Presbyterian MPs following the Declaration of the Army? (2)
A
- The Eleven Members fled the Capital
- -> On 26 July 1647, demonstrators loyal to the Presbyterian MPs invaded Parliament and the MPs returned
15
Q
How did the Independent MPs respond to the return of the 11 Presbyterian MPs and the protesters invasion of Parliament? (2)
A
- 60 leading Independent MPs took refuge with the army
- On 5 August 1647, the NMA occupied London and reinstated the Independent MPs.
16
Q
What were the divisions within the NMA in 1647? (3)
A
-Division between the Grandees (Senior army officers) and the Agitators (representatives of the soldiers)
–> Soldiers feared that Grandees would soften the army’s position in order to achieve a settlement
(Some of the Agitators belonged to the radical democratic group, known as the levellers)
-Division between the Agreement of the People and the Heads of Proposals
17
Q
When and what were the Heads of Proposals?
A
- July 1647
- The Grandees submitted Charles (who was their prisoner at this time) their own set of proposals for a settlement
18
Q
What were the terms of the Heads of Proposals? How did this compare to the Newcastle Propositions? (5+1)
A
POMCR
- Parliament: Triennial Ac to be repealed in favour of Biennial Parliaments
- Officers of State: Parliament to nominate ministers for ten years
- Militia: Parliament to control it for 10 years
- Church: Bishops to remain but with limited power + Religious toleration to be established
- Royalists: Seven to be excluded from general pardon
–> Displayed differences from the Newcastle Propositions on matters such as religion and politics, emphasising how Charles plan to split his opposition was working
19
Q
How did Charles respond to the July 1647 Heads of Proposals? (2)
A
He dismissed the Newcastle Propositions (which he had been stalling on) in favour of the Heads of Proposals
–> Aimed to divide and rule
20
Q
When and what was The Agreement of the People?
A
- October 1647
- The Levellers came up with their own set of proposals for Charles
21
Q
What were the terms of The Agreement of the People? (4)
A
- Argued that Parliament was sovereign in all but 5 areas
- -> These included religious matters and the ability to exempt individuals from the Laws of the land (Constitution)
- Also advocated universal male suffrage
- Essentially arguing for a democratic republic
22
Q
When and what were the Putney Debates? (3)
A
- 28 October - 5 Nover 1647
- Series of debates held at Putney between the Levellers/Agitators and the Grandees over the proposed settlement for the King
- Eg. Levellers argued for universal male suffrage whereas Henry Ireton and the Grandees for restricted suffrage to those who had ‘a permanent fixed interest in the Kingdom’ (LAND)
23
Q
When and what was the Army Rendezvous at Corkbush Field? (3)
A
-November-December 1647
- A meeting of soldiers at Corkbush field to declare an oath of allegiance to Cromwell and the Army Grandees
- Rendezvous was split into 3 separate meetings to avoid united army trouble
- -> a few regiments turned up to the wrong rendezvous trying to cause instability and promoting the leveller cause, with many holding the Agreement in their hats and chanting “England’s Freedom, Soldiers’ Rights” to the bill
24
Q
How did Cromwell respond to the Army meet at Corkbush field? (3)
A
- Two of the Regiments should not have been there
- -> Resultantly, Cromwell had the leaders arrested or shot.
-This acted to restore army unity.
25
When did Charles flee Hampton Court? Where did he go? (2)
- November 11, 1647
| - Fled to the Isle of Wight where he became the guest of the Governor there at Carisbrooke Castle
26
What was the proposal and the terms made to Charles by Parliament whilst he was on the Isle of Wight? (1+4)
-The Four Bills
-Parliament: Annul all the King's proclamations against Parliament + Give Parliament the right to adjourn wherever it wants
-Officers of the State: Cancel Peerages provided since the start of the Civil Wars
-Militia: Parliament controls it for 20 years
+ Many of the components of the Newcastle Propositions
27
What was Charles' response to the Four Bills? (2)
- Quickly rejected these bills
| - -> But not before he signed The Engagement with the Scots on December 26
28
When and what was The Engagement?
- 26 December 1647
- An agreement with the Scots
-Charles agreed to implement Presbyterianism in England for three years in return for Military support from the Anti-Covenanting faction
29
When and how did Parliament respond to The Engagement? (2)
- Jan 1648
| - Signed the Vote of No Addresses, forbidding further negotiations with Charles
30
Why was no settlement reached between Parliament and Charles between 1646-1647? (3)
- The King was not happy with the terms of the settlement and not willing to sacrifice anymore of his prerogative (Letters from this time suggest he had already resolved on martyrdom)
- ->He believed he had made his concessions in 1641
- Growing resentment at what many saw as Parliamentary tyranny (eg. continued levy of excise duty and assessment taxes + heavy-handed actions of County Committees)
- Divide within Parliament meant that there was very little agreement between the victors over peace terms.
31
Where were some of the rebellions within England in 1648? (3)
-Rebellions in Kent, Essex, South Wales against Army Rule
32
Why were there rebellions in 1648? (4)
- Harsh and invasive NMA rule
- Tyrannical rule of Parliament (This was more pressing than the desire to see Charles returned)
- Bad harvests had increased real food prices to their highest level for over 100 years
- Taxation remained at war time levels
33
What was the outcome of the Second Civil War?
-The Scots were easily beaten in a running battle at Preston on 17-19 August`
34
Why did Parliament win the Second Civil War? (4)
- Battle hardened efficiency of the NMA
- Lack of support in the English counties for Charles
- Engagement proved highly divisive and opposed by the Covenanters in Scotland and the Scottish military was subsequently weakened
- Military ineptitude of James Hamilton
35
What was the impact of the Second Civil War on Charles' chances of freedom? (3)
- Vote of no Addresses (Jan 1648) limited possibility of Settlement
- Many radical soldiers in the NMA believed that Charles was now going against the word of God in attempting to overturn the outcome of the first Civil War
- Saw Charles as treasonous in calling a foreign force to invade his own country (used against him at trial)
36
Following the Second Civil War, how did Parliament attempt a settlement with Charles? (2)
- August 24, 1648 Parliament repeals the Vote of no Addresses and reopened talks with Charles at Newport
- Parliament ignored the NMA's remonstrance and on December 5, 1648 voted that Charles' answers at Newport were sufficient for further negotiation to take place
37
Did the NMA want a settlement with Charles following the Second Civil War/?
No
- 20 November 1648
- -> Issued a Remonstrance to Parliament claiming that Charles was the 'Capital and grand author of all our troubles' and declared that army leaders were not prepared to enter further talks with Charles
38
When and what was Pride's Purge? (4)
- 6 December, 1648
- The NMA obstructed the entrance of the Commons and they decided which MPs should be allowed to enter
-Of the 507 MPs, 45 were arrested, 186 were secluded, 86 withdrew in protest and 80 others stayed away
--> The NMA had cleansed parliament, leaving only those who supported their cause remaining
39
Once the NMA had purged parliament, was Charles' death inevitable? What were some of the alternatives? (1+4)
No- what the NMA would do remained a subject of debate for a number of weeks (The Purge just gave them the power to do what they wanted with him)
Some of the alternative options included:
- Exile
- Imprisonment
- One of Sons made king
- Henry, Duke of Gloucester- Charles' son- who was born in 1639, was young and could be manipulated by Parliament
- -> The monarchy could have been abolished without killing Charles
40
Why did Parliament decide to have Charles' killed? (2)
- As long as he remained alive, he would be a point of focus for all those who opposed Parliament and desired monarchy
- The trial and execution would legitimise their aims to establish a republic
41
How did Parliament put Charles on trial? (2)
- The remaining 70 MPs (following the Purge) established a High Court of Justice in which to try Charles
- To hear the case, 135 commissioners were appointed, including 29 Army Generals (one of whom was Cromwell)
42
What were the issues with the trial of Charles I? (3)
- On the first day of the trial, out of 135 commissioners, only 68 turned up and only 59 signed his death warrant
- House of Lords refused to accept the trial
- Charles questioned the legitimacy of the court in trying him
43
Did the House of Lords support the trial of Charles? (2)
-They refused to support the trial
However, the House of Commons claimed authority to speak for the English people
44
When was Charles I executed?
Jan 30, 1649 at Whitehall Palace
45
Why didn't Presbyterians like the Army?
-Saw them as unnecessarily expensive and unneeded now that the war was over: Cost £111,000/month ; Forced Parliament to raise monthly assessment from £90,000 to £120,000
46
How did Parliament respond to petitioning from the Army (2)
April 1647- Presbyterian faction submitted the 'Declaration of Dislike'
--> Condemns the Declaration of the Army as treasonable and labelled petitioners as 'Enemies of state'
May 1647 voted that the entire NMA infantry would be disbanded with only 8 weeks worth of arrears despite some being owed up to 14 weeks
47
How did the Presbyterian MPs respond to the Heads of Proposals? How did the Army & Independents then respond to this? (2)
July 1647- Attempt a counter revolution in London- over 300 civilians invade House forcing MPs to reinstate Presbyterian control of the city Militia and to invite Charles to the Capital
August 1647- Army occupies London and the leaders of the counter-revolution are forced to flee
48
How did the Army respond to Presbyterian Attempts to remove them? (4)
- DECLARATIONS: Solemn Engagement of the Army and the Intervention of the Army Officers (June 14 1647) are both attempts at displaying unity amongst the army
- INVASIONS: Army occupies London, asserting its political control
- KIDNAP: June 2 1647, Cornet Joyce kidnaps Charles so Parliament can no longer negotiate with him without Army consent
- PROPOSALS: July 1647, Heads of Proposals approved by the Army general council
"DIKPic"
49
What was the common proposal between both factions of Parliament and the army?
The abolition of bishops & episcopacy- this was one thing that Charles was not willing to consider however
50
Why did Charles continue to disagree with Proposals? (5)
- He believed he was morally in the right
- Believed he was divinely ordained to protect the powers of the monarchy
- Believed he had made his concessions under the Long Parliament from 1640-1642
- Believed that he would eventually be able to divide his opposition and secure his freedom
- Felt that they needed him for a settlement to take place, saying to Army leaders in 1647, "You will fall to ruin if I do not sustain you"
51
Who were the major Leveller leaders? (4)
John Lilburne, John Wildman, William Walwyn and Richard Overton
52
What propositions did the Levellers create with the Army?
- The Case of the Army truly stated
| - First Agreement of the People
53
How did The Levellers reach a wide audience?
- Wrote a number of pamphlets eg. Regal Tyranny Discovered (1647), The Large Petition (1647)
- Released a number of propositions eg. Agreement of the People
- Had their own newspaper, The Moderate
54
What were the major leveller demands? (8)
- All men were equal
- Government should be founded up a social contract
- Extension of the franchise
- Individual rights over which parliament had no control
- Religious tolerance and freedom
- Equality before the law
- Decentralisation of power
- Abolition of Monopolies
55
How were the levellers so significant?
- Leaders such as Wildman were well connected to radical MPs, such as Henry Marten and Thomas Rainborowe
- Close collaboration with Army Grandees, who closely considered many versions of the Agreement of the People
56
How did the Army negotiate their concerns with the Presbyterians? (1) What were their major concerns? (4)
- Discussions in Saffron Walden in May 1647
- Discussed: Arrears, Ireland, Indemnity, Purge of Royalists from office (Combination of personal and ideological concerns)
57
Evidence of the popular discontent with the Army? (3)
- Mutinies against army in 22 counties between May-Sept 1646
- Hostility remained strong in London, which was still a centre of Presbyterianism
- Strong Presbyterian success in Autumn Elections for the Common Council
58
Causes of Popular dislike of Army? (3)
- Expensive to maintain + Disastrous Harvests 1646-1648
- Were violent and illegal (eg. Free Quarter, theft & rape)
- Desired a return to the old ways of calm and stability
59
How did the composition of the NMA change in 1647? (2)
- In April/May 1647, 57 officers left NMA; newer officers had humbler origins: changed social complexion/profile of army
- By end of June, 60% of original officers had left NMA- persecution by Parliament & population
60
Evidence of the Army's discontent? (2)
- Declaration of the Army written against Parliament
| - Northern Association Army under Sydenham Poyntz had mutinied June 1647
61
When and what were the Putney Debates? (2)
28 October - 9 November 1647
Discussion between the Army and the Levellers over a settlement with the King
62
What was achieved on the first day of the Putney debates?
Levellers produced a short draft version of the Agreement of the People with some fairy radical policies eg. electoral reform (size of constituencies), Liberty of Conscience etc.
63
How much agreement was there between the Army and Levellers at Putney? (3)
- A committee was appointed to consider how far the Agreement was compatible with the army's engagements (The declaration on 14th June and Heads of Proposals)
- Supported Biennial Parliaments and indemnity for soldiers
- Conflicts over suffrage eg. Thomas Rainsborough famously said the "poorest he" should have the same vote as the "greatest he" in his support of universal male suffrage, Ireton supported suffrage for those with land and Maximillian Petty similarly argued it should only grant suffrage to those who were economically independent
64
How did the Putney Debates conclude? (3)
- A modified version of the Agreement of the People would acts as a basis for future settlement proposals
- There would be an oath of loyalty to Fairfax and the General council, hoping to stop mutinies
- 5 November, it was voted by a narrow margin to write to Parliament requesting they make no further approaches to Charles- Displaying much of the General Council had been won over to the Leveller line of thought (Ireton stormed out at this and Cromwell was deeply upset, displaying their hope for a settlement with Charles) --> There was opposition over this from the Grandees and divisions appearing
65
How did opposition appear within the Army following the inconclusive Putney Debates? (2)
-Colonel Robert Lilburne's regiment had refused an order to march north, fearing that if it did so, his men would not receive its pay from Parliament --> Instead, 400 soldiers within the regiment decided to bring the King back to Whitehall --> The ensuing mutiny resulted in two soldiers being killed and one officer having his hand cut off
- Two regiments turned up at the rendezvous at Corkbush Field without permission, carrying the Agreement of the People and demanding that the levellers demands be implemented (They were supposed to sign an oath of loyalty to Fairfax but the levellers opposed Grandee control)
- -> Harsh punishments were a sign of the Grandees attempting to put down Leveller influence, who were winning over both the General Council and the soldiers
66
How did The Grandees attempt to put down division and army mutiny? (4)
- Order of oath from the Army to Fairfax at 3 Rendezvous (including Corkbush) so Grandees maintained control
- Three Mutineers in Lilburne's regiment were sentenced to death, in which 2 shot the other one to begin with and 9 at Corkbush were court-martialled with one, Private Arnold being shot
- Cromwell issued a 'remonstrance' for the army, blaming a small minority of trouble makers for army divisions and promising to meet some of their practical grievances in return for support for Grandee control
- -> Summer 1647, demanded that Parliament pay off 20,000 of the 44,000 NMA
- -> Parliament were happy to do this as they saw it reduce Army influence however, Grandees used it to remove former royalists, Presbys or Leveller sympathisers
-Held a ten hour 'day of humiliation', in which the officers and soldiers sought God together- resulted in the abandonment of proceedings against two officers charged with mutiny
67
When and what was the Case of the Armie Truly Stated? (4)
- October 1647
- Written by Agitator, Edward Sexby
- it condemned the army leaders for weakening the army by dispersing it to different parts of the country
- Condemned the failure to purge parliament of Presbys and Royalist Sympathisers
- -> Case of Armie was due to be discussed at Putney but was replaced by a more coherent version, The Agreement of the People
68
Why did Cromwell and the Grandees decide to negotiate with Charles?
- Charles had finally claimed that he preferred their Heads of Proposals to the Newcastle Propositions
- -> The Grandees willingness to negotiate with Charles now angered the agitators and was a point of contention at Puntey
69
What was the tension between Parliament/Grandees and the Army prior to the Putney Debates? (2)
- Mobs had attempted to expel independent MPs and the Army from London
- This resulted in the occupation of London by the Army in August 1647 in order to re-assert their political control
- The Army had kidnapped Charles in June 1647 to stop Parliament/Grandees negotiating with him but saw Cromwell and Ireton going behind their back to do so
- -> Whilst the Putney Debates were going on, Wildman accused Cromwell and Ireton in print of doing so (attracted agitator and army support for levellers and no settlement with King)
70
When and why did Cornet Joyce kidnap Charles? (2)
June 1647
-Believed the King was essential to a settlement and wanted to put their own proposals to him (The Heads of Proposals in July 1647)
71
When was Charles' escape from Hampton Court? (1)
Where did he go? (1)
What was the impact of this? (2)
11 November- immediately following the Putney Debates
-Fled to the Isle of Wight, where he was held under arrest by Cromwell's cousin, Robert Hammond
- Started further negotiations with Presbyterian MPs
- Led to further tensions within the Army on how to deal with the King and what to do now (proceeded Army mutinies at Corkbush)
72
How did the Leveller cause appear to collapse following the Putney Debates? (4)
- Their attempts to stage a mass demonstration were ruined when Fairfax ordered 3 rendezvous rather than 1
- Leveller inspired mutinies in Lilburne's regiment and Corkbush were violently put down
- King's escape to Isle of Wight meant that both Grandees and Presbyterian MPs were able to negotiate with King and limited the leveller influence over settlement
- December 1647: The London Independent and Baptist Churches issued a declaration distancing themselves from the Leveller movement (blow to popular support)
73
When and what was the Engagement?
- December 1647
- The treaty between Charles I and Scotland for Military support to reinstate him as the undisputed King of England
- -> Resulted in the Second Civil War
- -> Charles was negotiating with Parliament at the same time: Made him seem untrustworthy & duplicitous
74
What was the impact of the Engagement? (2)
- Parliament passed Vote of No Addresses on January 3, 1648
- Army Prayer Meeting at Windsor Castle from 28 April-May 1, displayed the hardening of officers attitudes, whom now claimed that the Man of Blood must be brought to justice
- -> Believed that the 2nd Civil War was God's punishment for attempting negotiation and that Charles was going against Providence
75
What were the Royalist risings prior to the Scottish invasion?
March-December:
| Risings in South Wales, Kent, East Anglia and then Yorkshire
76
Why did Cromwell win the Second Civil War so easily?
All of the Royalist uprisings took place one at a time so the Army could deal with each one individually before moving on to the next
77
How did Punishment differ in the Second Civil War to the First? (3)
- Royalist commanders of Colchester, Sir Charles Lucas and Sir John Lisle were executed without trial after the town fell to Fairfax's forces
- Stricken townsfolk had to pay a fine of £11,000 to save their city from being sacked
- -> Hardening attitudes to limit possibility of future revolts (eg. tough resistance in Pontefract)and displayed growing anger with Charles (going against God- Man of Blood)
78
When and What was the impact of the Windsor Castle Prayer Meeting (4)
28 April - 1 May
- Changed name from King Charles to Charles Stuart
- Declared him a 'Man of Blood' - treason against his own country- and resolved to no settlement and a punishment for Charles
- Decided that the Second Civil War was God's response to attempting settlement
79
What were the structural failures of the Engagers in the Second Civil War?
- None of the English Royalist uprisings were co-ordinated or simultaneous, allowing the NMA to destroy them easily individually
- Argyll and leaders of the Kirk strongly opposed Hamilton's campaign on religious grounds and he struggled to raise an army
- Alexander and David Leslie refused to raise their cavalry for a King who would not serve the Covenant
80
How many Soldiers on either side at the Battle of Preston?
Royalists: 16,000 Scottish Engagers + 4,000 Northern Royalists, led by Sir Marmaduke Langdale
Cromwell: 9000 troops
81
When and what was the outcome of the Battle of Preston?
17-19 August 1648
Cromwell destroyed the Royalist force before Hamilton surrendered himself at Uttoxeter a few days later
1500 Royalist casualties, 4000 arrested
300 Parliamentary deaths
82
How did the Anti-Engager retain control of Scotland following Second Civil War? (3)
- News of Hamilton's defeat at Preston soon encouraged an anti-engaging movement to retain control
- 6000 Covenanters mounted the Whiggamore raid on Edinburgh and staged a coup that returned Argyll and the Anti-Engagers to power and removed the Engagers from public office
- October 1648, Cromwell visits Scotland to conclude an agreement with the anti-engagers to oppose all forms of Royalist malignancy
83
What was Parliamentary policy towards Charles following the 2nd Civil War?
June 1648, Proceedings against 11 Parliamentary members was dropped
24 August 1648, Parliament repealed the Vote of No Addresses and agreed to negotiate with Charles without precondition
18 September 1648, Parliament re-opens negotiations with Charles at Newport based on the Newcastle Propositions
84
How did Charles respond to the Newport Discussions? (3)
- He agreed to surrender control of the militia to Parliament for 20 years
- categorically refused to abolish bishops- offering at most to suspend episcopacy for 3 years
- -> Explicitly claimed he was only making this concession to facilitate escape before revoking it at the nearest opportunity
- Charles determined for an escape from the Isle of Wight and was also hoping for Ormond to conclude his alliance with the Confederate Catholics in Ireland to liberate him
85
How did Cromwell and the army respond to the Newport Discussions? (5)
- Regarded the talks as a betrayal of all it had fought for throughout both Civil Wars
- 20 November 1648, presented a 'Remonstrance of the Army', drafted by Ireton, demanding that Charles be brought to justice, the Long Parliament be dissolved and future parliaments be annual or biennial
- Anonymous pamphlets viciously attacked the King and called for justice against those responsible for the 2nd Civil War
- More than 30 petitions from regiments and garrisons in support of major leveller petition (Large Petition/Humble Petition - received 40,000 signatures) to the commons on 11 September (Return of Levellers)
- After Parliament ignored the Remonstrance entirely, the army was sent re-entered London (December 2 1648)
- Army Council agreed (with only 6 votes against) to oppose Parliamentary negotiations with the King
86
How did Parliament respond to the Newport Discussions? (2)
-27 October, Parliament rejected Charles' proposals
Despite the army re-entering London on December 2, Parliament voted on December 5 by 129 to 83 that Charles' response to the Newport Discussions were sufficient grounds for further negotiations to take place
87
When and What was Pride's Purge? (1+2)
6 December 1648
The Army occupying the House of Commons, arresting 45 MP's and excluding 186 others whilst 86 withdrew in protest and 80 stayed away out of fear
This reduced to Parliament to a Rump of about 150 members who were willing to collaborate with the Army in bringing Charles to trial
88
What were the causes of the Prides Purge? (3)
- Parliaments decision to repeal the Vote of No Addresses following 2nd Civil War and vote to continue settlement negotiations
- Parliament ignore 'Remonstrance' of the Army
- Army's decision to punish Charles I following the Engagement
89
What caused popular uprisings against Parliamentary rule prior to the Second Civil War? (3)
- Harsh monthly assessment continued on after the end of the war (£120,000/month) and excise : riots in Smithfield directly against taxation
- Christmas had been proscribed during the war and in 1647, Puritan elders vigorously enforced legislation, ordering shops to be open and a market to be held on 25 December
- Sundays to be kept as holy days smacked of popery and many continued to play traditional football matches regardless
90
Examples of popular uprising and unrest against Parliament (6)
- Uprisings in South Wales, Kent, East Anglia and Yorkshire in the build up to Civil War
- Tax revolt in Smithfield directly against Taxation
- Canterbury saw the mayor and magistrates expelled from the town and 10,000 people forcefully elected the Earl of Norwich and the Kent Committee had to use militia to restore order
- April 1648: County of Essex forwarded a petition to Parliament requesting disbanding of army and a treat of the King --> Signed by Thirty Thousand & Two thousand people accompanied the presenting of the petition
- A string of rioters, in collaboration with Royalists blew up the Norwich County Committee Meeting Hall, killing 40
- Proposed county petition in Hampshire against taxation
91
Evidence that Popular uprisings were anti parliamentarian rather than pro-royalist (2)
When Royalists sought to provoke discontent into open revolt they were generally unsuccessful
--> Only the Royalist risings in Kent and Essex commanded any substantial degree of popular support
92
Causes for Royalist defeat at Preston? (3)
- Supplies for the Royalist army had been seized
- Army was spread across 20 miles
- Hamilton was leading a crossing over a bridge when Cromwell reached them
93
When and what was Parliamentary policy towards Christmas? (2)
- The Holiday was abolished with the issue of the Directory of Worship, published Jan 4, 1645
- -> Allowed only Sundays as holy days and sanctioned monthly fasts
94
Was Cromwell successful in ridding the country of Anglicanism? (Yes + No)
No- Traditional Book of Common Prayer services continued to be held in a large number of East Anglian parishes in the 1650s despite the Issue of Directory
Yes- A monumental survey of churchwardens' accounts from across England and Wales provides evidence that the directory of Worship was having a major effect on the practice of the Church, with a steady decline in festival services, especially in the post-war years.
95
Evidence of Presbyterian support for the Scottish Engagers (2)
- MPs William Waller and Edward Massie recruited actively for the Royalist cause and were found to be involved in attacks on munitions trains heading towards Fairfax's troops
- The Common Council went as far as to call the Scots Engagers, 'Our Brethren' and to commend the Prince of Wales
96
What was the impact of the Navy on the Second Civil War? (3)
- The Vice-Admiral of the Navy, William Batten displayed sympathy to Presbyterian MPs against the Independents (eg. allowing Presbyterian MPs with arrest warrants to pass safely) --> He was forced to resign and replaced by Thomas Rainsborough
- When Rainsborough want ashore to inspect some forts in the downs, his flagship and three others mutinied. The Mutineers professed they were not royalist but supported settlement with the King
- A small fleet of the Navy sailed to Holland to become under the control of the Prince of Wales
97
What happened in the uprising in South Wales? (3)
- Laugharne and Poyer declared for the King and raised a force of 8000
- -> These men were made of Royalists, angry Presbyterians, former clubmen and disgruntled soldiers
- It was not an effective force however as many had been pressed into service, lacked ideological drive and lacked organised leadership
- -> Was easily put down by NMA
98
What was the state of the Leveller influence following the 2nd Civil War? (4)
- Over 30 petitions from the army promoting a leveller style were presented to Parliament on September 11, 1648 with the Leveller settlement, 'The Large Petition'/'Humble Petition' (which had 40,000 signatures)
- Remonstrance of the Army explicitly supported Agreement of the People and Large Petition
- Between October and December 1648, 17 other petitions in support of Humble Petition reached Fairfac
- By March 1649, Lilburne, Overton and Walwyn were arrested for their part in writing England's 'New Chains Discovered', attacking the military dictatorship
99
When and what was the Remonstrance of the Army? (2)
- Produced by Ireton and presented to Commons on 20 November, 1648
- It called on Parliament to adopt the Leveller Large Petition of 11 September and to establish a constitution grounded in the Agreement of the People
100
What were some of the terms of the Remonstrance of the Army? (5)
- All who had supported the King were to be excluded from Franchise for 7 years
- Any who opposed Agreement of the People were permanently excluded from Franchise
- -> Even editor of Leveller Newspaper, 'The Moderate' conceded this would disenfranchise a large segment of people
- Religious toleration for all except Catholics and Anglicans, whilst Protestant Christianity would remain the public religion of the nation
- The King as the Covenant breaker who had committed treason against England had to be called to justice (Capital Punishment)
101
What were the theoretical and practical problems with bringing Charles to capital punishment after the Remonstrance?
Theoretical: They had already sworn to protect the person and authority of the King as part of the Solemn League & Covenant- Presbyterian opposition regularly brought this up
Practical- King was well liked by the majority of the people (Remonstrance warned against bringing him to London due to danger of popular rising of support)
102
Following Pride's Purge, why did Cromwell decide to Kill King Charles? (4)
- Constant pressure from the army for vengeance on the King for his treason and blood guilt
- Charles' attempts to overturn God's judgement with the 2nd Civil War
- Charles continued to encourage the Marquess of Ormond to utilise his Irish army against England, whom had made alliances with the Catholic Confederacy and the Dutch United Provinces
- As long as Charles was alive he would act as a centre of opposition for Royalists to attach themselves to
103
After Pride's Purge, who opposed the execution of Charles? (4)
- It was widely condemned in biblical scripture to kill your king and Presbyterians drew upon this
- Went against the Solemn League & Covenant- the Scots greatly opposed execution as did the political Presbyterians
- The House of Lords was unanimously opposed as they saw the fall of the King as the start of a fall of the upper house
- Majority of population generally opposed the execution of Charles
104
What was Charles' argument against the court at his trial? (3)
- He refused to plead guilty or non guilty
- He questioned the legitimacy of the court to try him and claimed that it had no authority to try him
- -> Claimed that he would offer greater legal rights to any of his subject than the house trying him did (eg. removing lords and purging parliament)
105
What court was Charles tried in? (2)
1 Jan 1649- Commons approve ordinance to set up special High Court of Justice to try the King. Lords refuse to accept.
4 Jan 1649- Commons declare itself the "supreme power in this nation" and give themselves the power to try the king without his or the Lord's consent
106
When was the trial of Charles?
20 January 1649
107
What were the charges brought against Charles at his trial? (3)
- Trying to get unlimited power for himself and overthrow the liberties of the English people
- Waging was on his parliament and people in 1648
- Causing much innocent blood to be spilt and disrupting the life of the country
108
Who made up the High Court of Justice for Charles' trial?
- MPs, civilians, army officers (29 out of the 135) and presided over by John Bradshaw, provincial Republican lawyer
- -> Only 68 turned up on the first day of the trial
109
When and what happened at the signing of Charles' death warrant?
- 29 January, 1649
| - Only 59 of the 135 members of the High Court signed the death warrant
110
When was Charles' execution?
30 January, 1649
111
What did Charles do at his execution? (4)
-Wore 2 shirts to stop himself from shivering and so appearing afraid
- Made a speech on the scaffold, claiming:
- He had never begun the War
- Only the Monarchy guaranteed people freedom
- The country was now being governed "by the sword"
- -> Stood by his principles even at his death (No chance of settlement- decision to martyr himself long before?)
112
Evidence of popular support for Charles at his execution? (3)
- Phillip Henry observed "the crowd left out such a groan as I never heard before, and desire I may hear again" upon the fall of the axe
- Some fainted and others dipped their handkerchiefs in his blood
- Became a Martyr for the Anglican Church with an annual day of feast on Jan 30th
113
What were Charles' posthumous works? (2)
The Eikon Basilike (released 10 days after his execution)- a collection of Charles' speeches and meditations, made up of 36 editions
--> Depicts him as a martyr and justifies his royalism and military attitude
114
Evidence to support that Parliament opposed regicide until the last moment? (2)
- 1643, Henry Marten was expelled from the commons for arguing the case of a republic
- Repeal of Vote of No Addresses (24 August 1648) provides evidence of a continuing attempt to reach a settlement with Charles
115
What were the reasons for Pride's Purge & Charles' execution?
- Actions of Charles I
- Second Civil War
- Impact of Radical groups in London
- Leadership & impetus of Cromwell + Ireton
- Belief in providence and God's will
116
Evidence that Charles planned to martyr himself in advance? (2)
- Wrote the Eikon Basilike, justifying his views and presenting himself as a martyr
- In 1642, confided to Marquis of Hamilton, "either I will be a glorious King or a patient martyr"
117
What were the causes of Scottish disenchantment with Parliament prior to the Engagement? (3)
- Felt the Independents were neglecting the Solemn League and Covenant and they had conflicting religious views (toleration vs presbyterianism)
- One member of the Scottish clergy described the religious reforms as a "lame Erastian Presbytery"
- Parliament left Scots out of settlement and peace discussions --> Published papers attacking the slow progress of parliament in reaching a desired settlement with the King
118
What were the economic reasons that Holles could not meet the Army's material demands in 1647? (4)
- Parliament had racked up £3million pound debt over the course of the War
- Increasing disenchantment towards taxes limited the amount coming in from the Provinces
- Parliament could not afford to raise taxes in City of London which had already paid so much
--> Between April 1645 and June 1647, infantry had only received 76% of the money owed to them; the cavalry 58%
119
When and what was the Solemn Engagement of the Army?
4 June, 1647
- 6 Cavalry and 7 infantry regiments of NMA marched to Newmarket in defiance of an order to disband from parliament
- Formalised their revolt as the Solemn Engagement of the Army, describing army unity and insisting it would not disband until its grievances had been met
120
What were the practical reasons that Holles could not meet the Army's demands for indemnity in 1647?
-He could not easily overthrow local courts in promoting legislation providing indemnity to all soldiers for actions taken throughout the War
121
How did Ireton's views change between 1646-1649? (2 vs 3)
- Heads of Proposals and aftermath saw him attempt lenient negotiations for a settlement with Charles
- Fiercely opposed Levellers at Putney and stormed out following decision to end negotiations with Charles
- Following 2nd Civil War, issued the Remonstrance to Parliament demanding justice against Charles
- Supported a constitution in the manner of the Agreement of the People
- Was one of the members of the High Court to try Charles and signed his death warrant
122
Evidence of the lack of support for Parliament after the Second Civil War (2)
- Lord S+S was reduced to pleading with the King because the Independent party in Parliament had collapsed; rebellions in Essex and Kent warned that a settlement had to be reached quickly, otherwise Parliamentary influence would be compromised.
- 28th April 1648 - The House of Commons voted by 165 to 99 not to alter ‘the fundamental Government of the Kingdom, by King, Lords and Commons’. The King was central to any settlement.
123
Evidence of Charles' religious stubborness at Newport? (2)
- Charles agreed to surrender militia for 20 years despite Henrietta Maria saying that a King's control of their army was the ultimate symbol of their sovereignty
- Charles’ advisors told him he had no option than to grant a reformed church with no Bishops. yet he still refused (Greatest conviction was religion)
124
How did Charles hope the Engagement would encourage division in his opposition?
What was the actual outcome?
-Charles hoped that Scottish intervention would force the Presbyterians to support the Engagement, giving Charles the support of the Scots, the people and the majority of Parliament.
- However the Engagement drove the Presbyterians and the Independents back together to defeat the renewed royalist threat
- -> Vote of No Address
125
Significance of the Remonstrance of the Army on Charles' eventual execution? (2)
It did not explicitly prescribe the abolition of monarchy yet it clearly foresaw the king’s condemnation. → called the attempt to reunite parliament as king with like trying to join ‘light with darkness… good with evil’
HOWEVER...
The remonstrance was the first document clearly condemning Charles for his actions and the first to present a cogent argument for potentially inflicting capital punishment on the king.
