Civil War Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Examples of locality influencing side taking? (2)
A
- High Cotswold was a large farming region and so supported the traditional relationship between farmers and landlords and so were Royalists and Cavaliers
- South Cotswold resented Charles’ interference and monopolies within the Cloth trade which they specialised in so where Parliamentarians and roundheads
2
Q
Examples of attempted neutralism in the Civil War? (2)
A
-Some regions, such as Cheshire, requested negotiations to keep out of the War but all these attempts failed in the long run
–> This was a war that most people did not want and would rather stay out of but it sucked in the majority of the nation
3
Q
Examples of families being divided in their side taking in the war? (2)
A
- The House of Buckingham was torn apart as Edmund Verney (who was killed at Edgehill protecting the Royal Standard) was a Royalist whilst his son supported Parliament- both men fought on opposite sides
- There were 6 fathers and 6 sons on opposing sides at Edgehill
4
Q
When did the War officially begin?
A
-Charles raised his Standard at Nottingham Castle on 22 August, 1642
5
Q
Where was Charles’ headquarters during the War?
A
Oxford
6
Q
When and what was the Battle of Edgehill?
A
- 23 October, 1642
- The first major pitched battle of the Civil War
7
Q
Some facts/stats on the Battle of Edgehill (3)
A
- Royalist army had 12,400 men
- Parliamentarian army had 15,000 men
- Both armies suffered approximately 500 casualties and 1500 wounded
8
Q
What happened at the Battle of Edgehill? (5)
A
- Prince Rupert of the Rhine’s right flank cavalry led a thunderbolt charge and broke through the Parliamentarian’s left flank, exposing the infantry
- -> Rather than attacking the infantry, however, the cavalry chased the disbanded left flank and looted the Parliamentarian base
- Essex cleverly kept troops in reserve who were able to fill in where the left flank had broken
- -> This put pressure on the centre of Charles’ infantry as they became overrun through the middle
- -> Eventually, the Royalists regained shape and the battle ended inconclusively
9
Q
What was the state of the artillery at Edgehill? (2)
A
- The Royalists had over double the amount of artillery than the roundheads (16 to 7)
- -> However, their position at the top of Edgehill meant that this artillery was fairly futile and many of the shots missed
10
Q
What was the significance of the Battle of Edgehill? (2)
A
- Destroyed the possibility of a quick conclusion to the War, which is what many had expected
- The failure of Essex’s army meant that Charles could close in on London
11
Q
When and what was the Battle of Turnham Green? (3)
A
- November 13, 1642
- The Royalist army approached London but were met by a large contingent of the London militia and Essex’s army
- -> Charles retreated due to his large numerical disadvantage
12
Q
Why did Charles’ army retreat at Turnham Green? (4)
A
- The Parliamentarian army greatly outnumbered Charles’ (24,000 to 13,000)
- The Royalist army were low on ammunition and general supplies
- The London militia was made up mostly of armed civilians; attacking these people would not endear the King to London
- The campaigning season was drawing to a close and Charles hoped to secure a headquarters for the Winter months
13
Q
By the end of 1642, where did Parliament control and where did the King control? (2)
A
- Charles controlled the majority of the West and the North
- Parliament controlled most of the East and the South
14
Q
How did the Royalists appear to be winning the War in 1643? (3)
A
- Royalists captured Bristol (2nd wealthiest city in England)
- Royalist Duke of Newcastle was enjoying considerable success in Yorkshire
- By Autumn 1643, the Royalists controlled approximately 2/3 of England and Wales
15
Q
How did the Roundheads appear to be gaining the upper hand into 1644? (3)
A
- Gloucester survived as the Earl of Essex rescued them from the Siege of Gloucester (10 Aug - 5 Sept 1643)
- Charles’ advance on London was blocked by Essex at the Battle of Newbury (20 Sept 1643)
- Signing of the Solemn League and Covenant (25 Sept 1643)
16
Q
When and what was the Self Denying Ordinance? (2)
A
- April 3, 1645
- A bill passed by Parliament stating that people could not be a member of both the military and parliament, but only one or the other
17
Q
What were the political motivations of the Self Denying Ordinance? (3)
A
- The leadership of the army was given to members of the nobility, such as the Earl of Essex and Manchester, whom were proving to be unskilled and inefficient in battle
- Essex and Manchester also avoided conflict with the Cavaliers as they hoped that reconciliation with the King was still possible and were pessimistic over the war; Manchester claiming “If we beat the King ninety and nine times yet he is king still, and so will his posterity be after him; but if the King beat us once, we shall be all hanged, and our posterity be made slaves”
–> Cromwell saw this pessimistic faction as being predominantly based in the Lords and so wanted to separate them from the war effort
18
Q
What was the impact of the Self Denying Ordinance? (3)
A
- Forced members of the “peace” faction to resign their militaristic positions and gave overwhelming power to the “war” party
- Only Oliver Cromwell was allowed to maintain his position as MP and military leader, with his post being renewed in 40 day increments
- Allowed the implementation of the New Model Army
19
Q
How was Charles I captured?
A
-Following the Siege of Oxford in April 1646, Charles fled disguised as a servant before being captured by the Scots in Newark and was taken Northwards to Newcastle
–> After 9 months of negotiations, Charles was delivered to Parliament, in exchange for £100,000 and promises of more money; Charles was handed to Parliament in January 1647
20
Q
What was Henrietta Maria’s role in aiding the Civil War?
A
- February 1643
- Arrived at Bridlington with arms and £180,000 she had collected during her year’s absence on the continent seeking support
21
Q
What was the significance of Essex’s relief of Gloucester? (3)
A
- Stopped Charles from gaining a coherent and unitary control of the West
- Limited transport of supplies and troops as they would have to pass around Gloucester
- Morale victory following a flurry of losses in early 1643
22
Q
When and what was the Irish Cessation?
A
- September 15, 1643
- Truce with the Irish rebels freed up his army fighting in Ireland and also gathered an Irish force of 9,000 men to aid in the War
23
Q
What was the impact of the Irish Cessation? (2 pros + 5 cons)
A
Pros:
- Freed Charles’ Army in Ireland, which could instead be used in England
- Brought in an extra 9,000 Irish troops to aid the Royalists
Cons:
- Brought about a fear of a popish invasion of England; united all the Protestant classes of England against Charles
- Hostilities towards Irish Catholics whom had just returned from slaughtering Protestants in Ireland (anti Royalist Propaganda and major political blunder)
- Irish troops were ineffective, mutinous and undisciplined
- ->Most Irish troops were stationed in Wales and were uninvolved in the fighting; by Spring 1645 only 1200 remained in active battle
- Led to the parliamentary response of the Solemn League and Covenant only 10 days after the Cessation
24
Q
When and what was the Solemn League and Covenant? (2)
A
- 25 September, 1643 (10 days after Cessation)
- The truce and agreement between the Royalists and the Scots, bringing in 21,500 Scottish troops
25
What was the impact of the Solemn League and Covenant? (4)
- The incursion of 21,500 Scots & 45,000 pounds of gunpowder aided Parliament gaining total control over the North of England, for example with the decisive victory at the Battle of Marston Moor
- In 8 months, Scotland captured 1/3 of Royalist land in the North
- No propaganda loss as the Scots were devoutly Protestant and faced less hostility than the Irish
- Led to the development of faction and division within Parliament- creating the Independents and Presbyterian factions
26
Example of the impact that fighting the Civil War had on the nation as a whole? (1)
-3.6% of the entire population died in the Civil War- proportionately more than in either World War
27
Statistics on deaths and prisoners during war? (2)
- 35,000 Parliamentarians killed VS 50,000 Royalists killed
| - 35,000 Parliamentarian prisoners VS 83,000 Royalist prisoners
28
Impact of illness during the war? (3)
- Illness spread rapidly during the chaotic war years
- -> During Summer 1643, half of the 6000 Roundheads besieging Reading were too ill for duty
- -> Between June 1647 and April 1648, 2100 people died of plague in war torn Chester
- Estimates that Combat produced less than 50% of casualties
29
Evidence of the physical difficulty for soldiers in the Civil War?
-General William Waller's Parliamentary infantry marched on 36 of the 69 days between May and July 1644, staying no longer than 3 nights in one place
30
Impact of the Civil War on women? (3)
- Some women, such as the Countess of Derby and Lady Mary Bankes defended their husband's castles
- Many women took over the administration of their estates and the running of workshops
- Many husbands and fathers were killed, leaving wives behind to bring up children
31
How successful was the King's Commission of Array? (3)
- Only 11 counties responded positively to the Commission of Array, along the Western strip of England
- 12 counties abandoned the Commission of Array
- At least 10 were sharply divided
32
What foreign support did the Royalists receive? (3)
- 9000 Irish troops as part of the Irish Cessation
- Four regiments of French mercenaries deployed between 1643-1645
- Charles had family connections with Christian IV of Denmark, who sporadically sent supplies although exacted payment and concessions in return. For example, the Orkney and Shetland Islands had to be offered as security, which turned into another public relations setback
33
What foreign support did Parliament receive? (2)
- 21,500 Scottish troops as a result of the Solemn League and Covenant
- A number of Dutch, Walloon and German officers and men imported throughout the 1640s
34
What was the issue with deserters for both armies? (4)
- Large number of deserters following major victories as they collected booty
- ->After victory at the Battle of Naseby, 4000 of the 17,000 strong NMA deserted with victorious loot
- Large number of deserters following major defeats, with many infantry taking up service with the victorious enemy
- -> After the Battle of Lostwithiel in Sept 1644, over 3000 of Essex's infantry enlisted with the King after the articles of surrender were signed
35
What was the problem with military locations? (3)
-There was a widespread reluctance of men to march outside their county or region
eg.
- The King failed to persuade any of the Yorkshire gentry to follow him to Nottingham in Summer 1642
- London trained bands cried "home, home!" as they travelled to Gloucester in Sept 1643
36
How did Parliament collect money for the Civil War? (5)
Feb 24, 1643- Houses introduced a "Weekly Assessment" of £35,000/week (equivalent of a Parliamentary subsidy every fortnight)
--> London & Westminster were taxed far more heavily than any other part of the Kingdom - £11,000/week (Importance of control of London)
- 'Monthly Assessment' which increased from £35,000 to £120,000 throughout the course of the war (17x more than Ship Money in 1630s and the equivalent of 24 pre-war parliamentary subsidies)
- The Saye-Pym junto introduced an excise tax- the first in English history- on 22 July 1643 on tobacco, alcohol, meat and salt
- Parliament frequently borrowed money against the excise- between Sept 1644 and Sept 1646, £400,000 of future revenue was mortgaged in this way
- In March 1643, Parliament passed the Sequestrian Ordinance, allowing the seizure of enemy property and collected 5000 properties in this way
- -> Parliament could sell or rent the land for large financial gains
37
How did the Royalists gain money during the Civil Wars? (6)
- He enjoyed the support of the richest landowners in the country
- ->Hundreds of thousands of pounds invested from The Marquess of Worcester and Newcastle and the Earl of Derby
- The universities of Cambridge and Oxford provided £25,000
- Henrietta Maria took the Crown Jewels and her own Jewellery to Europe, returning with £180,000
- Charles sold titles and honours- dozens of baronetcies were sold eg. Earl of Worcester paid £100,000 for his marquessate in 1643
- An excise tax was implemented in 1643, collecting £6,700/week (less than Parliament)
- Sequestration of Parliamentarian land (far less lucrative than parliamentarian sequestration as the Royalists controlled less land and parliamentarian MPs owned smaller estates)
--> Much of the Royalist wealth came from wealthy supporters, which could not last in the long term, especially in contrast to the wealthy regions controlled Parliament that brought their wealth
38
Why were parliament able to ascertain so much more money than Charles? (4)
- Control of London + Westminster, where the highest excise and customs duties were
- Control of the Southern ports, allowing for greater international trade
- Greater powers of sequestration as Royalists held larger estates than Parliamentarians
- Taxes were traditionally passed through parliament so Royalist attempts were sometimes viewed as illegitimate
39
Evidence of the economic hardship placed on civilians during the War? (1)
-The 'Free Quarter' was the billeting of troops in return for vouchers which could later be redeemed (though they were rarely actually redeemed) and placed considerable strain on civilians
40
Importance of London in Parliamentary victory? (3)
- Was very wealthy region, generating large amounts of money through tax revenues (provided 70% of customs duties)
- Contained more people in it than nearest 50 towns put together
- Production powerhouse: Produced 30,000 pikes, 102,000 swords and 111,000 firearms between 1642 and 1651- more than Bristol, Birmingham and Manchester combined
41
What was the price of weapons during the War?
-Increase in demand for weapons led to muskets and pistols halving in price between 1642 and 1645, while Pikes and swords declined by 1/3
42
What were the ammunition difficulties faced by both sides during the war? (4)
- Shortages of gunpowder as it was constantly being used or it decayed and became useless
- Gunpowder was a Royalist monopoly until 1641, and until 1643, Parliament merely used up existing supplies
- -> Required a great re-organisation of production from both sides
- The Scots had no native gunpowder and all 45,000 pounds they brought was imported from UP and Sweden
43
What was the state of arms production by each of the sides? (4)
- Oxford quickly became a leading arms manufacturer
- -> Royalists were unable to meet Parliaments output but were far higher than Scotlands
- Ireland had no major local arms industries
-Parliament controlled all three of England's arsenals- Tower of London, Hull and Portsmouth: Put Royalists on the back foot
44
What was the importance and distribution of Iron during the war? (3)
- Most canon was cast from Iron
- There were more ironworking sites in Royalist territory- particularly Wales and the West Midlands
- The Covenanters had no local iron ore supplies
45
How did the war impact the prices of horses? (2)
- Because supply was inelastic, increasing demand exerted inflationary pressure on prices
- -> Horse prices rose by 50% between 1638 and 1646
46
What was the importance of horses during the war? How did each side go about collecting horses? (4)
- Used for cavalry and dragoons, which were vital in military combat
- London and the Home Counties donated 6704 horses for the defence of the capital between June 1642-June 1643
- When donations began to dry up in 1643, Parliament introduced enforceable quotas for every county
- -> The Royalists followed suit in 1644
47
Significance of imports on the Civil War? (4)
- The shortage of materials and weapons was not overcome by home production until the end of 1643
- -> In the first year of the war, parliament imported 25% more than it produced at home
March 1644, the King’s representative in the Netherlands obtained a licence to export 10,000 muskets, 3,000 pistols and 3,000 carbines, as well as 1,000 suits of cuirassier armour.
HENCE...
-The loss of coastal towns such as Bristol, Weymouth and Dartmouth for the Royalists in 1644 and 1645 crippled their ability to wage war as they lost their source of imports
48
What was the significance of transport for both sides? (2)
- Moving commodities, such as weapons and money was vital for both sides, emphasised in October 1645 (when the Royalists were in full retreat), when it was necessary to provide 1000 dragoons and 500 horse to accompany the chests of silver containing the NMA's pay to the West
- Parliament held an advantage in sea and land transport as they were based in London and could easily transport to the coast or using the river
49
What was the Royalist administration like?
- The King was able to take members of existing bodies, such as the Privy Council and the central legal and financial courts, to Oxford.
- Set up the Council of War to organise the war effort
50
What were the issues with the Royalist administration? (5)
- Internal divisions and conflation between central Council of War and local commanders (Influence of Council of War was limited to counties near Oxford)
- Charles appointed four Royal Magnates to serve as regional generals based upon their social status rather than military prowess - Damaged the War effort through ineffective tactics and war
- Chain of command was poorly defined and 6 officers became involved jurisdictional disputes throughout the War
- Charles appointed Lord Digby as his Secretary of State in 1643 but he was a very confrontational rival of Prince Rupert
- Charles ordered for the creation of the Council for the Prince of Wales in 1645 be set up in Bristol, moving away many important and experienced councillors, such as Capel, Culpepper and Hyde
51
What was the Parliamentarian administration like? (4)
- The Houses had to construct executive machinery from scratch, requiring a large degree of organisation and restructuring
- The war effort was directed by the Committee of Safety (est. July 1642), which was replaced by the Committee of Both Kingdoms following Scottish entry to the War in Feb 1644
- Nov 1642: The Committee for the Advance of Money - raise loans and impose tax/assessments/duties
- March 1643: Committee for Sequestrations appointed to administer and confiscate the estates of Catholics and Royalists
52
What was the legality of parliamentary actions? (3)
-Parliamentarian committees were granted acceptance to work outside the framework of common law
- -> Officials were authorized to seize property and good without any address
- -> Officials were allowed to imprison without trial or cause shown
53
What was the legality of Royalist actions?
- Charles displayed great respect for laws
- -> Charles' sequestration policy rested on the principle that his opponents should be formally indicted for treason by a jury in advance
-Charles sought local approval, from grand juries, for all financial contributions and forced loans
54
What was the impact of the legality of both the Parliamentarians and the Royalists? (2)
- The illegal actions of Parliament made them seem more tyrannical than the King ever had
- The pious legality of Charles made him appear to be the protector and natural defender of the laws and liberties of his people
55
What were the two parliamentary factions during the war?
The 'War Party' and the 'Peace Party'
56
What did the 'War Party' want?
-To destroy the King's forces in battle so they could negotiate from a position of strength and implement desired reforms
57
Who were the major members of the 'War Party'? (6)
- John Pym
- John Hampden
- Lord Saye and Sele
- Cromwell
- Bedford
- Warwick
58
What did the 'Peace Party' want?
-To end the war as quickly as possible through negotiation without losing any of the gains of 1641
59
Who were the major members of the 'Peace Party'? (4)
- Denzil Holles
- Essex
- Manchester
- John Maynard
60
What was the War Party's initial view on Scottish involvement?
-Encouraged Scottish involvement as they believed it would help them militaristically in winning the war more quickly
61
How did the War Party's view on Scottish involvement change? (4)
-After the Battle of Marston Moor, they felt that the Parliamentarian army could win the war without Scottish aid
- Feared the implementation of Presbyterianism in England with the arrival of the Scots and the clause in the Solemn League to implement Presbyterianism in England
- -> Cromwell saw it as attacking the religious freedom of his troops (came to conflict with Manchester over this, leading to the Self Denying Ordinance)
--> Became the 'Independent Party'
62
What was the Peace Party's initial view on Scottish involvement?
-They feared that Scottish involvement would lengthen the war and force it to be ended only through military means
63
How did the Peace Party's view on Scottish involvement change?
- Came to see Scottish involvement as pushing the King's hand and encouraging him to enter into negotiations
- Felt that a clear church policy of Presbyterianism would limit further social upheaval and steady religious policy
--> Became the 'Presbyterian Party'
64
How did Pym's death impact the parliamentary factions? (2)
- Pym led a middle group of parliament aimed at steering a course between all out war and sell out peace
- -> His (and Hampden's) death destroyed this middle course in 1643 and led to the polarisation of the factions
65
Why did the Peace Party develop? (3)
- Most MPs believed that the war would be quickly resolved however, following the stalemate, recognition grew that the War could last a while
- The military setbacks suffered by Parliament in 1642 and 1643 made the MPs increasingly reluctant to wage war
- Many of the Lords felt overshadowed by Essex and felt that he and the Junto were somewhat more tyrannical than the King
66
How did the Junto and War Party develop greater control over parliament?
-Many crypto Royalists defected during the hardship of 1642-1643
67
What physical action did the Peace Party take in promoting their aims?
-Comprised the Parliamentary peace terms, that were presented to Charles in February 1643 in The Oxford Treaty
68
What led to the development of the War Party? (2)
- Most of the members had been complicit in the 1640 Scottish invasion to overthrow the personal rule; if Charles got off lightly, they could be at risk
- Desperate to make advantages from the war and not to negotiate peace from a weakened position that they found themselves in during the Winter 1642-1643
69
Did Northern MPs support the Scottish invasion?
Yes- they were naturally eager to have their estates liberated and saw the Scottish invasion as the quickest way of achieving this end
70
When and what was the Oxford Treaty? (2)
- Parliament's peace terms were presented to the King at Oxford on February 1, 1643
- -> The peace treaty was rejected by the King
71
Why did Charles reject the Oxford Treaty? (3)
- The War Party had attempted to make the peace treaty as harsh as possible to limit the likelihood of the King's acceptance and make sure he didn't get off lightly
- Charles was very principled and unwilling to negotiate any deal he may have seen as unfavourable or limiting his prerogative
- He was poised for victory on all 3 fronts at this point and a Royalist success looked likely
72
What was the impact of the King's rejection of The Oxford Treaty?
- Heightened the resolve of the Peace Party to reject any interference from Scottish Covenanters
- -> They saw it as an opportunity for the King to bring in French or Irish forces, not only escalating the War effort and limiting the possibility of political settlement but furthermore dragging England into the social and political turmoil of the 30 Years war
73
What was the Waller Plot? (2)
-Acting on the Commission of the King, the crypto Royalist MP, Edmund Waller devised a plan for seizing the Tower and other strategic strongpoints as a prelude for a general rising by the King's supporters amongst the London citizenry.
--> The plot was discovered by the Committee for Safety in May 1643
74
What was the impact of the Waller Plot? (2)
- Emphasised the turmoil amongst parliament following the military failings of the Roundheads in 1642-1643
- Was used by the War Party group to discredit the advocates for peace in Parliament and London
75
How was the New Model Army created? (3)
- Ever since 1643, their had been murmurs of Essex's uninspired and poor leadership and consequential questioning of who should direct the war effort
- The Self Denying Ordinance left the War Party in great control of the War Effort
--> From here, the decision to restructure the army into a united force resulted in the creation of the NMA in May 1645
76
Statistics on the New Model Army? (3)
- Consisted of 22,000 soldiers
- 6,600 cavalry
- 1000 dragoons
77
What was discipline like in the NMA? (3)
- Harsh code of conduct implemented by Thomas Fairfax
- Swearing, drunkendness and fornication was frowned upon (common within most armies)
- ->Represented many of the Puritan values of the leadership
78
What were the finances like for the NMA? (5)
More generously financed than all of Parliament's other armies
eg. April 1645-1647: 76% of foot soldiers and 58% of cavalry were paid on time (relatively very high)
- fixed monthly allocation of £53,000.
- Financed predominantly by the Monthly Assessment which rose to £90,000 (equivalent 24 pre-war parliamentary subsidies)
--> The better pay may be a reason for why the NMA fought so much better than opposing or previous armies
79
Who made up the Leadership of the NMA? (2)
- Fairfax, Cromwell, Hammond, Skippon and Ireton
- -> All had previous military experience
-NMA created following the Self-Denying Ordinance, ensuring that all the leadership had a clear and united vision and didn't include the controversial Essex or Manchester
80
What was the religious influence of the NMA? (6)
- 4 out of 5 of the leading generals (excluding Hammond) were devout Puritans and implemented this upon the NMA
- Officers were recorded as habitually starting to fast or practise humiliation in order to seek God's blessing
- Many religious army Mottoes and sayings, including "Pray and fight"
- Many officers were also zealous evangelists, preaching to their troops and the counties of England during their travels
- -> Aided morale and made the NMA believe God was blessing their battles and therefore that they had to win
- -> The soldiers joined to fight for a cause, rather than for money or loot
81
In what ways was the NMA the same as previous Parliamentarian armies? (3)
- Of the 14,400 infantry required, 3050 came from Essex's infantry, 3600 from Manchester's and 600 from Waller's.
- The cavalry regiments of 6600 came almost entirely from the Eastern Association Army
- Out of the 24 colonels of the Army, 8 served under Essex and 11 under Manchester
82
What is the significance of the similarities between the NMA and previous armies? (2)
- Meant that many of the soldiers were well trained and experienced, aiding their ability in battle
- Questioning of the piety and religious involvement of the army and implies that perhaps the Royalist failures were equally at fault for the NMA success
83
How had Parliament attempted to reorganise their armies prior to the NMA?
- Created regional armies by grouping counties together
eg. December 20, 1642 The Eastern Association was an amalgamation of the militia of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire
84
How did the NMA help Parliament win the War? (2)
- Helped give a motive to the war through religion and politics eg. before, there was uncertainty even in Parliament over how to conclude the war but the success of the Independents (War Party) gave clearer motives
- More organised, experienced and driven (by money & religion)
85
What were the Royalist losses at Naseby? (3)
- 1000 men dead
- 4000 men taken prisoner
- 2000 horses dead
- All artillery lost, baggage train lost
86
What were the Parliamentary losses at Naseby? (2)
- 150 men dead
| - 250 Wounded
87
What were the army sizes of the Royalist and Parliamentary forces at Naseby?
9000 Royalists vs 14000 Parliamentarians
88
What was the Morale of Charles' army going into Naseby? (2)
- Charles's forces were gaining ground in Bristol and West Yorkshire and were hoping for further victories
- However, there were revolts and uprisings to Royalist victories which added an extra level of opposition
89
How did Royalist leadership impact the loss at Naseby 1645? (2)
- The lack of a Brigade Structure meant that orders were not clearly transmitted
- Lanark was captured early in the Battle and so his regiment was uncontrolled and weak
90
When was the Battle of Naseby and what was it's significance? (4)
-14th June 1645
- Destroyed the King's main army, all his artillery and much of his ammunition and he was never able to build one of similar strength again
- -> After Naseby, all that remained of the War was the NMA wiping out the last pockets of Royalist resistance
- Parliament captured the King's personal baggage train, with correspondence showing his willingness to gain reinforcements from the Irish Catholic Confederate and European Catholics
- ->In publishing this Correspondence, titled "The King's Cabinet Opened", Parliament and the Independents were able to gather a lot of support for fighting the King until the bitter end and limiting the Royalist appeal
91
What were the sizes and strength of the opposing armies at Newbury?
Royalists: 7000 infantry + 7500 Cavalry
Parliament: 8000 infantry + 6000 Cavalry
92
What were the losses of both sides at Newbury 1643?
Royalists: 1300 dead
Parliament: 1200 dead
93
How did the King's resources impact the outcome of Newbury? (2)
- Ammunition and gunpowder did not arrive for the King in time and he was low on both going into the second day of battle
- -> This meant that he had to allow Essex to retreat to London
94
When was the Battle of Newbury and what was its significance? (4)
-September 20, 1643
- The King was blocking Essex's retreat to London following major victories in the West
- -> Essex's return ruined the King's chance of destroying a large proportion of the Parliamentary army and having a clearer path to London
-Marked the turning point in the War from which Charles was constantly an a losing path
95
What was the significance of leadership in the first Battle of Newbury 1643? (2)
- Essex launched a surprise attack on the Royalists at dawn, capturing several pieces of high ground and putting Charles on the back foot
- Despite almost being encircled by the Royalists, Essex was able to manoeuvre his cavalry into a favourable strategic position
96
What was the importance of the London Trained Bands in the First Battle of Newbury (1)
They halted the Royalist army from being able to split the Roundheads in two, which would have isolated the two sections and likely have ruined their armies
97
When was the Battle of Marston Moor? What was its outcome? (2)
July 2, 1644
First decisive Parliamentary victory- destroyed Royalist control of the North
98
What were the respective sizes of the Royalist and Parliamentarian armies at Marston Moor?
17,000 Royalists vs 22,500 Parliamentarians (including Scottish Covenanting forces)
99
What were the sizes of the respective losses of the Royalist and Parliamentarian armies at Marstoon Moor? (4)
Royalists:
4,000 Deaths
1500 prisoners
Parliament:
300 Deaths
0 Prisoners
100
Events of the Battle of Marston Moor (4)
Rupert destroyed the Parliamentary siege of York and relieved the city- he then sought to attack the Parliamentary + Covenanting forces despite being outnumbered: He was dissuaded from doing this
--> The stalling gave Parliament time to gather their forces and increased the size and organisation of their army
- In the evening, Rupert left the Battlefield as it was getting late and he planned to withhold battle until the next day; Parliament then launched a surprise attack whilst the Royalist guard was down
- Cromwell held the high ground which proved a significant advantage for launching this surprise attack
- After a confused battle lasting merely 2 hours, Cromwell's cavalry had completely removed the Royalist cavalry from the field and Leven's infantry then went about destroying the Royalist infantry
101
What was the impact of the Royalist loss of Marston Moor? (3)
- Lost the large manpower of the North (which was widely sympathetic to the Royalist cause)
- Lost access to the European continent through the North Sea Ports
- Limited the link up with the Scottish Royalists under Montrose a year later through giving Parliamentary control to the North
102
How many newspapers did either side have? What was the propaganda impact of this?
Parliament had 6
Royalists had 2
-->Parliament could produce more political propaganda to use as a weapon against Royalist opposition
103
What was the significance of the London Trained Bands for Parliament? (2)
- Saved London at Battle of Turnham Green
| - Were the army that went to the relief of Gloucester in August 1643
104
Significance of the Navy on First Civil War? (3)
- Defection of the Navy, 1642 - gave Parliament a huge advantage.
- However, Royalist capture of almost all south-western ports during the beginning of 1643 meant Charles could make another navy to serve him.
-->By 1644, the royalists could draw on 260 ships of up 50 to 300 tons
105
Significance of East Anglia in Parliamentarian victory? (3)
- The Army of the Eastern Association became Parliament’s most effective fighting force - with the King’s forces never managing to invade East Anglia.
- Region gave Parliament the advantage of a wealthy and sizeable area in which taxes could be raised and arrears of tax collected without resentment.
- East Anglia was of huge strategic importance; it was a bastion of the English economy, with Norwich the 3rd largest city in England. The region’s wealth was based on the cloth industry and farming, and had trade links with Holland.
