1.7 Flashcards
(11 cards)
Enzymes
5 points
- Most are proteins
- Catelist for reactions
- Lower activation energy
- Reusable
- Very Specific
Ex. (Lactase to break down lactose)
Substrate
Substrate: Enzyme will bind to substrate at activation site
Enzymes and Substrate
- Enzymes break bonds of molecules
- Cell needs 4000 diff enzymes to function
- Larger than substrate
-
Induced fit hypothesis
5 points
Outdated “Lock and Key” analysis:
- Ezymes are rigdit
Induced-Fit hypothesis:
- enzymes alters its shape slightly in order to be more percise for active site
Forms enzyme-substrate complex
occurs 10-100 million substrate molecules for second
Cofactors and conenzymes
5 points
Cofactors:
- non-protein group that bind to enzyme to help it function
- often metal ion
Coenzyme
- organic molecule that act as a cofactor
- Dirived from vitamins
- Make protein active
Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity:
Enzyme substrate concentration
If exccess substrate, the rate of reaction is proportional, limits the speed of reaction
If aunt of enzymes are constant, than the increase substrate concentration will reach a point of saturation level, increasing rather o reaction
- All enzymes become saturated with substrate
- Increasing substrate will have reduced affects
Enzyme Inhibitors
Binds to enzyme to prevent binding to substrate
Competitive inhibitors:
Binds directly to active site
non-competitive inhibitors:
Binds anywhere other than active site, change shape of enzymes and active site, indirectly preventing the substrate form binding
Ex. antibiotics do this
Allorestic control of enzyme activity
Allorestic site
Allorestic inhibition
Allorestic activation
Regulates function of enzyme by using other molecules ot bind to enzyme
- Binds to enzyme other than active site to change its shape
Stabilizes enzyme to inactive form
Stabilizes enzyme to active form
Feedback inhibition
3 points
Regulation of pathway of enzyme by inhibiting the products of another enzyme form being produced
Inhibits until more of a specific product needs to be produced
controls the chemical activity of the cell
Temperature and pH
Enzymes can function within a range of temperatures and pH values.
Outside that range, the enzyme will be denatured
Application of enzymes
- Making cheese
- Removing a stain (breakdown of fatty acid chains)
- Breaking down starch in plants
