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A-DAD IV - Test 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

11 natural antibiotics

A

Penicillin G = kills grams

cephalosporin C = kills grams

carbapenems = thienamycin

monobactams = aztreonam kills G - only

lipopeptides = daptomycin

aminoglycoside = streptomycin = kills Grams and mycobacteria

glycopeptides = vancomycin = kills G +

macrolide, azalide, ketolide = clarithromycin = kills G +, chlamydia, ricketsii, mycoplasma

lincomycin

tetracycline = doxycycline = kills grams, chlamydia, rickettsia, mycoplasma

streptogramins

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2
Q

5 synthetic antibacterials

A

floroquniolones = cipro = true broad spectrum

nitroimidazole = metronidazole

oxazolidinones = linezolid

trimethoprim

sulfonaminde = SMX = kills Grams

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3
Q

penicillin
mech
location
Resistance

A

“Cidal”
inhibit cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan)
NOT CELL MEMBRANE
bind to and inactivate penicillin binding proteins, which are enzymes involved in peptidoglycan synthesis
Resistance: bugs modified PBPs, formed beta lactamases, and decreased uptake of drug via porin in OM

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4
Q

cephalosporin
mech
location
resistance

A

“Cidal”
inhibit cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan)
NOT CELL MEMBRANE
bind to and inactivate penicillin binding proteins, which are enzymes involved in peptidoglycan synthesis
Resistance: bugs modified PBPs, formed beta lactamases, and decreased uptake of drug via porin in OM

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5
Q

carbapenems
mech
location
resistance

A

“Cidal”
inhibit cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan)
NOT CELL MEMBRANE
bind to and inactivate penicillin binding proteins, which are enzymes involved in peptidoglycan synthesis
Resistance: bugs modified PBPs, formed beta lactamases, and decreased uptake of drug via porin in OM

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6
Q

monobactams
mech
location
Resistance

A

“Cidal”
inhibit cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan)
NOT CELL MEMBRANE
bind to and inactivate penicillin binding proteins, which are enzymes involved in peptidoglycan synthesis
Resistance: bugs modified PBPs, formed beta lactamases, and decreased uptake of drug via porin in OM

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7
Q

glycopeptides
mech
location
Resistance

A

“Cidal”
inhibit cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan)
hinders formation of interpeptide bridges required for cross-linking to synthesize peptidoglycan layer by binding to side chain terminus
Resistance: bugs changed peptidoglycan

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8
Q

bacitracin
mech
location

A

“Cidal”
inhibit cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan)
forms complex with and prevents regeneration of a lipid carrier that is needed to make cell wall

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9
Q

aminoglycoside
mech
location
Resistance

A

inhibit protein synthesis
Bind 30S ribosomal subunit which impairs translation of mRNA into protein by causing misreading
anaerobes are resistant
Resistance: bugs changed ribosomal protein, formed inactivating enzymes against the transferases

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10
Q

“lides” and chloramphenicol
mech
location
Resistance

A

ie: erythromycin
“static”
inhibit protein synthesis
Bind 50S ribosomal subunit which causes blockage of translation of mRNA into protein
Resistance: altered ribosomal RNA methylation, and active efflux due to membrane transport system
Resistance for chloramphenicol: produced inactivating enzyme acetyltransferase and decreased uptake of antibiotic secondary to changes in OM porins

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11
Q

oxazolidinones (synthetic), lincosamides, and streptogamins
mech
location

A

“static”
inhibit protein synthesis
Bind 50S ribosomal subunit which causes blockage of translation of mRNA into protein

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12
Q

fluoroquinolones (synthetic)
mech
location
Resistance

A

“cidal”
inhibit nucleic acid synthesis/fxn
interfere with DNA replication by inhibiting DNA gyrase
Resistance: change in DNA gyrase, decreased uptake of antibiotic secondary to changes in OM porins, and active efflux due to membrane transport system

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13
Q 
trimethoprim  (synthetic)
sulfonamides  (synthetic)
mech 
location
Resistance
A

antifolates AKA bactrim
Trimethoprim: block nucleic acid precursor by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase
Sulfonamides: block nucleic acid precursor by inhibiting tetrahydropteroic acid synthase
Resistance: New drug insensitive dihydrofolate synthetase (dihydropteroate synthase) or excess production of normal enzyme and Decreased uptake secondary to changes in outer membrane protein channels (Porins) of gram negative organisms
**enterococci are resistant

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14
Q

polymyxcin and lipopeptides
mech
location

A

“cidal”

disruption of cell membrane fxn

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15
Q

isoniazid
mech
location

A

“cidal”
inhibit cell wall synthesis
inhibit syn of mycolic acid of mycobacterial cell wall

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16
Q

tetracycline
mech
location
Resistance

A

“static”
inhibit protein synth
Bind 30S ribosomal subunit which impairs translation of mRNA into protein by blocking binding of aminoacyltRNA
Resistance: alter ribosomal protection, active efflux due to membrane transport system, and Decreased uptake secondary to changes in outer membrane protein channels (Porins) of gram negative organisms

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17
Q

nitroimidazole (synthetic)
mech
location

A

“cidal”
inhibit nucleic acid synthesis/fxn
microbial enzyme liberates toxin that breaks strands, causes loss of helical conformation, and impairs DNA template fxn

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18
Q

rifampin
mech
location
Resistance

A

“cidal”
inhibit nucleic acid synthesis/fxn
inhibit RNA polymerase
Resistance: change in RNA polymerase

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19
Q

outer membrane consists of:

targets:

A

LPS, phospholipid, lipoprotein, proteins
G ( - ) bacteria

targets:
passive diffusion across
porin channel
LPS, virulence

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20
Q

amphoteracin B works on

A

Effective against all fungi but only appropriate for:
aspergillosis - mold on inside of body
crytococcosis - yeast on inside of body

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21
Q

nystatin works on

A

Effective against all fungi but only appropriate for:

cadidasis albicans - yeast on surface of body

22
Q

fluconazole works on

A

All fungi because it is a triazole, but mainly focuses on:
candida ablicans
crytococcosis
this drug has CYP based ADR

23
Q

ketoconazole works on

A 
dermatophytosis
bastomycosis
coccidiomycosis
candida albicans
this drug has CYP based ADR
24
Q

terbinafine works on

A

dermatophytosis

25
Q

griseofulvin works on

A

nail infection

26
Q

caspofungin works on

A

aspergillosis
candida albicans
this drug does not have CYP based ADR

27
Q

5 - fluorocytosine + amphoteracin B works on

A

crytococcosis

28
Q

azoles are not effective against candida

A

glabrata

krusei

29
Q

Candida pathogenesis (4 stages)

A

Stage 1: epithelial adhesion and colonization
Stage 2: epithelial penetration
stage 3: vascular invasion and dissemintation
stage 4: endothelial adhesion and penetration of tissue

30
Q

Azole, Amphoteracin B, terbinafine site of action

A

ergosterol synthesis pathway at the cell membrane

act as ergosterol inhibitors/binders

31
Q

caspofungin and micafungin site of action

A

cell wall

echinocandins

32
Q

flucytosine (5 - Fluorocytosine) site of action

A

intracellular pyrimidine analouges/thymidylate synthase inhibitor

33
Q

griseofulvin site of action

A

intracellular

mitotic inhibitor

34
Q

17 Vaccines for bugs

All viruses are intracellular obligate pathogens

A 
hep B
rotavirus
Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
Hib 
pneumococcal
polio vaccine
measles
mumps
rubella (crosses placenta)
varicella
Hep A
meningococcus
HPV
zoster
influenza
35
Q

antimicrobial agent

A

drugs directed at microbial targets and are traditionally subdivided into categories

36
Q

antibacterial agent

A

drugs against bacteria and parasites

37
Q

antifungal agent

A

drugs against fungi

38
Q

antiparasitic agent

A

should be avoided in terminology

39
Q

antiprotozoal agent

A

drugs against protozoa

40
Q

antihelminthic agent

A

drugs against vermiform parasite (worm)

41
Q

antiviral agent

A

drugs against viruses

42
Q

antiseptic

A

compounds that can be safely used externally to humans (animals) to either destroy microorganisms or to limit their growth. Too toxic for internal use

43
Q

disinfectants

A

can be safely used on inanimate objects to destroy microorganisms. too toxic for internal or external use

44
Q

Germicides

A

AKA microbicides

disinfectants capable of killing microorganisms rapidly.

45
Q

bactericide

A

rapidly kills bacteria

46
Q

fungicide

A

rapidly kills fungi

47
Q

sporicide

A

rapidly kills bacterial or fungal spores

48
Q

virucide

A

rapidly inactivates viruses

49
Q

atypical bugs cannot be killed by

A

cidal

50
Q

bugs that fight against Ovir herpes drugs, NRTI HIV drugs, and 5-FC have resistance by

A

absence of activating enzyme

51
Q

static drugs require ___ in person to work

A

function immune system

A-DAD IV - Test 1 (4 decks)

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