1789-1847 Flashcards
(34 cards)
When was the French Revolution?
1789.
When was the French attack? What did they acquire?
1796.
Nice and Savoy.
When was the peninsula divided into republics? How many?
1798.
4.
When was Italy divided into three parts? What were these three parts called?
1810.
The French Empire, The Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Naples.
The French Empire
Annexed (add an extra part) to France and treated as the French Empire.
Comprised of Piedmont, The Central Duchies and the Papal states.
The Kingdom of Italy
Comprised of the regions of Lombardy, Modena, Bologna, Romagna and Ferrara.
Ruled by Napoleon’s step-son.
Naples
Did not include Sicily.
What was life like under French rule?
Mixed opinions.
The intellectuals saw French rule as a breath of fresh air, liberals were inspired by the main values of the revolution; liberty, equality and fraternity.
Others were resentful of French rule due to the forced conscription and high taxation imposed by the French
When was the Napoleonic Code introduced? What was the Napoleonic Code?
1805.
Napoléon Bonaparte’s civil code was introduced in Italy following his decision to turn the Republic of Italy into the Kingdom of Italy and crown himself King.
Impact of French rule on the Church?
Suffered severely because their power was greatly reduced.
1809- Napoleon exiled the Pope, temporal power declared to be at an end.
Papal States to be governed by French authorities.
Did not effect the Pope’s spiritual authority as he remained a figurehead.
1814- Monasteries and nunneries closed down in France.
Church land sold off to the nobility.
How were the urban groups effected?
Professionals profited from the increased prosperity introduced by Napoleon which brought financial and business advantages.
Increased infrastructure and relaxation of trade barriers.
Local govts set up.
Improved infrastructure of towns.
Introduced two-chamber representative govt.
Italians absorbed French ideas.
When was the Congress of Vienna and what did it do?
1815.
Engineered by Metternich.
Returned most Italian borders to status quo.
What is a conservative state?
Wanted a compromise between Napoleonic structures and pre-Napoleonic structures, a process called amalgamation.
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Lombardy-Venetia and the Duchy of Parma.
What is a reactionary state?
Wanted to completely dismantle Napoleonic structures and return to things pre-1796.
Papal states, Duchy of Modena and the Kingdom of Piedmont.
What did the reactionary states target?
Piedmont - Victor Emmanuel I returned it very much back to pre-Napoleonic days. Old customs and barriers were reintroduced, such as Church being in charge of education.
Modena - Habsburg Duke hated Liberals and returned small Duchy to pre-Napoleonic days, much the same as in Piedmont.
Papal States - series of hard line Popes (the zealots) established a tight hold on government, education, culture and politics. Religious persecution increased, any religion other than Roman Catholic was forbidden. Poorest and most backward of the Italian states.
Naples - Bourbon King Ferdinand bought Sicily back under control of Naples (cancelled Sicilian constitution of 1812 which allowed the people to have a say in government). Ferdinand’s rule was oppressive and reactionary, with little success, and in Naples and Sicily began the first of a series of revolutions in 1820
What did the process of amalgamation involve?
Economic: Encouraging growth and investing in public work schemes. Eg. Ferdinand II (Kingdom of Two sicilies) built Italy’s first railway and established communications between Naples and Sicily.
Education: Balancing out religious and secular teaching.
Retaining the class of administrators that Napoleon had left behind and carrying out moderate reforms.
How far did the restored monarchs impact the development of Italy?
- Political Impact
Restoration (1815): Absolutism reinstated in all states (e.g. Piedmont, Naples).
Repression: Censorship, secret police, crushed Carbonari (1820–21, 1831).
Austria dominant: Lombardy-Venetia under Habsburgs; Metternich influence.
Exception – Piedmont (Charles Albert): Statuto (1848), cautious liberalism. - Social & Economic
Minimal reform: Most monarchs resisted change, kept feudal structures.
Poverty: No land reform; rural hardship continued.
Some progress: Tuscany & Piedmont saw limited infrastructure & trade development. - National Identity
Suppressed nationalism: Banned groups like Young Italy.
Irony: Repression fuelled nationalist resolve; exiles (e.g. Mazzini) spread ideas.
Cultural stirrings: Nationalist sentiment grew underground. - 1848 Revolutions
Monarchs forced to concede (e.g. constitutions), but most reasserted power.
Exposed the failure of absolutism, boosted the unification cause.
Judgement
Mostly hindered development, but repression bred resistance and inspired future unification. Their failure became a turning point in the Risorgimento.
1820-21 Revolution in Naples/Sicily
Naples
mc aggravated by lack of free speech
Carbonari & liberals inspired by the spartacist rev.
widespread uprising
Pos:
- showed that revolution could be successful & power of Monarch & Pope not absolute
- New constitution established
Neg:
no nationalist sentiment present
Sicily
1815- Return of FI forced Sicily to re-join Naples.
- Agricultural prices fell sharply, widespread dissent. Riots broke out and FI forced to make concessions and promise a constitutional monarchy.
Neg: harsh punishments were enforced - deters future uprisings & rebellions
1820-21 Revolution in Piedmont.
1815- VE I set out reactionary policies and reinstated the 1770 constitution.
Revolt broke out and the Carbonari grew in membership. - mutiny of the army in Turin forced him to abdicate and liberals looked to CA as the successor.
Pos:
- VEII abdicates - highlights that there are no absolute powers
- introduces ideas of unified Italy as called ‘KOI’
neg: few in numbers therefore limited influence
Causes of the 1820 revs
Reinstatement of Church power.
Sicilian separatist desires.
Economic issues.
Reactions to the loss/ promise of constitutions.
Govt inadequacies.
Failures of the 1820 revs
Austrian intervention.
Divisions and weaknesses of the revolutionaries.
Minimal amounts of people, happening in towns not the countryside.
How did the 1820 revs develop nationalism?
Presence of Carbonari- ideas about nationalism developing.
Socio-economic conditions provided a collective experience.
Pope/ army demonstrate that things could change because the group that are supposedly the loyalist want to abolish the ruler.
Austria becomes a common enemy.
How did the 1820 revs hinder nationalism?
Only 30 Carbonari- ideas aren’t widespread.
Suffering was the motivation not nationalism.
None of the regional armies are strong enough to withstand foreign intervention.
Might of Austria.
1831-2 rev in Modena
Enrico Misley/Mettoni wanted to achieve a con for Modena but he was betrayed and jailed in 1831.
Fuelled by the Carbonari.
Duke Francis IV visited Vienna and in his absence the revolutionaries took over and established a provisional govt.
Pos impact: shows states can unite for common cause
Neg impact: harsh punishments deter future rebels & strength of Aus. army intimidates
