1870-1896 + Brigands War Flashcards
(19 cards)
How did the 1820 revs develop nationalism?
idk why this is here i cba moving it to the right deck
Presence of Carbonari- ideas about nationalism developing.
Socio-economic conditions provided a collective experience.
Pope/ army demonstrate that things could change because the group that are supposedly the loyalist want to abolish the ruler.
Austria becomes a common enemy.
Out of their control/ pre-exisiting 61-96
religious divides/religion as a major opposition to unification & revolutionaries as teh average devout Italian was more likely to remain loyal to the Church than rev leaders
language - major language barriers still present as there was no 1 unifying language but hundreds of Italian dialects
lack of raw materials i.e. coal - harder to industrialise
The govt was faced with..
Geographical,society and social problems.
Unite 2 diff areas and naples/sicily were illiterate and impovirished.
Increased taxes added further to the complications of the peasants.
The majority of the population…
In naples and sicily were illiterate and in deep poverty.
The govt also showed…
Lack of understanding.
Increased taxes= increased cost of living = complications for peasants.
Difficult legal system and conscription.
Many joined the mafia due to the govts incompetence.
Peasant families began…
migrating to find work, they found none and became the growing underclass.
Problem of the pope
The govt sought to appease the Pope as they recognised the strength of his authority internally and internationally, despite this, any attempts ended in failure and were rendered ineffective.
The Law of Guarantees 1871- wanted to grant the pope certain privileges and sep church and state; failed because the Pope rejected it, viewing it as a legitimization of the Italian state’s control over Rome. Pope Leo XIII “prisoner of the Vatican”- sentiment continues after Pius’ reign.
The Roman Question remained unresolved (V LONG TERM , NOT RESOLVED UNTIL 33 YRS AFTER PERIOD) , and the government struggled to undermine the Pope’s authority, which remained intact among many Italian Catholics, the Pope continued to reject the Italian state’s legitimacy).
Anticlerical laws (such as the law on Civil marriage 1871) and other measures often backfired by strengthening the Vatican’s hold on public sentiment, especially among the lower classes and in southern Italy.
Diplomatic (trying to reduce the Pope’s authority through European diplomacy which had been central to the Church) and military efforts to isolate the Vatican had limited success, as the Pope maintained strong moral and spiritual influence, especially with France.
Transformiso 1871 onwards (quick- change performance, isolated extremists after unification)
Appeared after Canubio & Piedmontisation
Constantly changing govt. - 28 govts from 1871 to 1892
Govt. was non-ideological, meaning that it had no coherent doctrine
V unpopular and criticised for indulging Northern upper class/ not re-representative of the South
Foreign policy 1871 onwards
1882- Secret agreement- Triple alliance with Germany and the Hapsberg empire and Hungary; defensive military strategy.
1885- Colonial expansion by the seizure of the Port of Massawa.
1890- Crispi jouned East African colonies with Eritrea.
1896- Battle of Adwa, italy is defeated by an african army. ( on another card)
Opposition and repression 1871 onwards
Anarchism spread rapidly in the early years of the nation = indicative of extreme social discontent w/ unification
Uprisings in Bologna & Matese in 1874 & 77
Many were exiled & King Umbert was assassinated in 1900
not perceived as much of a threat as organised socialism was considered more of a l-t threat
1884 = PSRI party founded (socialist) & 1895 PRI founded as a marxist party
Radicals and Republicans
Many wanted regions returned to Italy.
Italian Radicals = Garibaldi in teh 1870s absorbed into teh left govt.
1880s = challenge imperialism & growth of workers parties
1890s = institutional reforms, regional autonomy & civil rights & socialist legislation based on pact of Rome.
Fear of ideas & growth of outsider parties -> constitutional debate based on Sonnino’s article ‘return statuto’ to greater power
1900 election - victory for left = won 96 seats.
Economic division 1871 onwards
Can be considered the greatest divide of Italy bc it originated the N/S divide and was never properly dealt with. Often govt. intervention exacerabted the economic divides, inhibiting true unification.
Capitalistic North vs the Feudal South
Latifundia & teh sale of church lands meant that local elites consolidated power whilst the South suffered due to the revoking of Common Land
1887 tariff worsened economic situation as Southern Wheat growers were the hardest hit, causing the decline of southern industry & only compounded by the reciprocal French tariffs which caused wine & oil production to fall
Agricultural rev
Land reclamation focused more on gains for the North than the South, worsening Southern economic stagnation. (only 2300 ha of land given to south out of a possible 352000)
attempts at reform i.e. Sonnino’s attempt at creating alliterate south; porposals for tax reduction and agricultural credits were opposed w/ hostility by Southern govts.
Emigration
1879- 20,000 to the us.
Internal migration- milan grew, pop doubled.
17% of workers born outsidethe province.
Transatlantic migration- 70” south.
By 1896, Italy had lost 1.5 mil citizens to emigration- led to EC hardship in the South, humiliation to national pride by higlighting a lack of opportunity.
Language
Vast majority spoke in dialect.
Italian only spoken in Rome and parts of Tuscany.
Didint promote education. Illiterate excluded from suffrage.
70% in Calabria.
11% in piedmont.
Detatchment from regime
Catholics discouraged in participating in politics.
Low literacy rate.
3% spoke Italian.
The state seen as oppressive, unsympathetic and unrepresentative.
Opposed the war with france
Brigands War 1861-64
Occurred between 1861-65
Around 25k Italians took to the hills mostly to avoid conscription & began to pursue crime & brigandage.
Brigands war was emphatic of the issue of teh unresolved N-S divide that had led to grave social/civil unrest.
100k Piedmontese soldiers were needed to crush teh Brigands
More italians were killed in the Brigands war than in teh wars of independence
Govt. attempted to deal with teh issue through the implementation of teh exceptionally harsh ‘Pica Laws’ of 1863 => anyone suspected of associating with Brigands/ or participating in brigandage had to be judged in a miolitary court
KOI effectively coped with problems 1861-96
Industrial devt:
- Tariff of 1887 somewhat aided ind. development bc helped provide protection for Italy’s industry, govt. purchases in metal & mechanical sectors for a large navy helped to drive industry.
- Although the existing banking system collapsed, its successor paved way for further ind. development.
- Decisions to introduce modern infrastructure & link Italy to European markets = massively improved trade
NS DIVIDE:
- some areas i.e. Bari-Lecce in south were able to profit from wine, olive & fruit production due to rail links.
BUT OVERALL N/S DIVIDE NEVER FULLY RESOLVED: education never equal, economic imbalances prevalent = increased tensions.
ST FIX: Piedmont was able to resolve some issues by extending its own laws & systems across the Italian peninsula.
KOI ineffectively coped with the problems between 1861-96
AGRICULTURAL CRISIS/SOUTHERN PROBLEM:
- Increasing tariffs in 1887 meant more money was focused on int. affairs instead of the domestic = ensured cont. emigration & allowed latifundia to flourish. =Many people emigrated causing a societal imbalance.
- Govt. response/lack of action to the agrarian crisis ensured Italian economic stagnation & a worsening of N-S divides.
EDUCATION:
- Govt failed to push for education i.e. whilst laws obliged fathers to send boys & girls to school this was not legally enforced & schools remained underfunded.
- Coppino Law of 1877 = meant to raise no. yrs of education to 3 at minimum etc yet v. ineffective due to a lack of funding so quality of education & attendance were markedly low & system for distributing money favoured North over teh south.
- Much of action taken by Govt served to reinforce N-S educational divide, worsening tensions, oft. focusing of secondary education of teh elites.
