1849-1861 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Why did Piedmont become the lead state for unification?
Cavour- excellent diplomat is able to converse with a plethora of people. Campaigned for the development of railways.
Status maintained, other states abolished their cons.
Leads liberals to move upwards, seeing Piedmont as a place to discuss ideas.
The only indépendant state, even after 1848 and they have their own army.
Geographically benefit from their neighbours industrial developments:
2. Infrastructure developped under Napoleon.
3. Easier to get alliances.
4. More exposed to developments for the longest time.
Siccardi Laws 1850- Restriction of Church power in Piedmont, secularisation of Piedmont consolidated its role as the leading force.
Textile industry.
Plombières 1858
Involvement in the Crimean War 1855- improved relations with Br and France and politically isolated Austriawho remained neutral in the war. Foreign action VITAL FOR UNIFICATION BY ENSURING SUPPORT
Cavour’s prior establishment of a relationship with Napleon III during the Peace Conference in 1856- gained foreign support and led to…
SECRET ALLIANCE- Napoleon III and Cavour plan to declare war on Austria.
Provoked by a shared desire for Italian unification.
Handshake of Teano 1860
Victor Emmanuel and Garabaldi shake hands over territory.
The role of Napoleon III
Took support of uprisings in Rome, enthusiasm and nationalism, grateful for piedmont.
He was a powerful figure who wanted unification, some were sceptical because he may just want France to become powerful.
The war of 1859 (Second war of Independence)
Provoked by Plombieres 1858.
CAV- anti austrian speech.
Nationalistic emotions increased because cav mobilised the Piedmontese army, no support from Napoleon.
Apr 1859- au sent a ultimatum that cav refused to demobilise the piedmontese army which cav refused. Au replied by declaring war on the 29th.
Napoleon’s motives- could not breach austrian defences, danger that prussia could attack france at his absence, suspicious of cavours activities. However, he sent french troops which allied with Piedmontese ones at battles.
Settlement- (Austria ceded it to France then France gave it to Piedmont Sardinia) Annexation of Lombardy by Sardinia- Piedmont, BUT France gained Savoy and Nice.
-Sardinian victory at the Armistice of Villafranca.
Rulers of the Duchies restored.
Sutria kept venetia.
Cavour’s resignation- July 1859
Betrayal.
Furious that he had not been consulted about the end of the war.
Appalled at the agreement between the Duchies and disliked that Austrian controlled Venetia.
Papal Power
Napoleon said he was prepared for the Pope to lose power over the Legations.
The Legations 1860s- The Papal Legations of Bologna, Ferrara, Romagna, Urbino, Perugia, and Velletri, which were major administrative divisions of the Papal States, lost papal control and were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia, paving the way for the unification of Ital
Plebiscites
Opportunity to engineer annexation with the help of the national societies which campagined for the annexation of VE II or a separate kingdom.
Those in liberal states urged for unification with Piedmont, with the kingdom of UNIFIED ITALY being proclaimed in 1861 (weren’t completely unified until 1870 with the capture of Rome).
France was nervous about a powerful, unified nation on its borders.
The role of Garabaldi
1862:
- Garibaldi’s attempt to seize Rome thwarted by deployment of Italian army & Garibaldi himself was arrested.
1867:
- Garibaldi is defeated by the Papal Army & French presence in the area strengthens
The reaction of Cavour to Garabaldis aims
Worried that he wanted to invade Naples, conflict would produce a French victory.
Ordered Persano to sail to Naples and create s pro-piedmontese insurrection before Garabaldis rrival.
Ruler of Naples formed a liberal ministry.
Sep 1860 in the Papal states
In September 1860, during the Italian unification process, the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by Victor Emmanuel II, defeated the Papal army at the Battle of Castelfidardo and seized control of most of the Papal States, except for Latium (including Rome), leaving the Pope with only a small territory around Rome.
National society engineered an uprising.
Cavour wanted the army disbanded.
P army invaded and destroyed the Papal army.
Napoleonic army remained intact.
Issues facing Italy in the 1860s.
Civil war.
Economic and political issues.
Mediocre leadership in the north.
Unity or Piedmontisationn?
VE reamined VE the II of Piedmont.
The sovereign body of the state would be the king in parliament.
Chamber of deputies elected by 2% of pop.
The administrative structure was centralised.
Piedmontese weights and measures and the idea of trade was imposed on the rest of Italy.
-the majority of officers in Italy’s army were from piedmont
-piedmont’s debts, incurred during the Crimean War and the war of 1859, became Italy’s debts
-the rules derived from Piedmont’s constitution meant that the great majority of people who could vote were from the north
Mazzini New State “sham”- no unification , Italy had “thirst for power, desire to rule and destroy”
1852-61 Cannubio (Cavour)- nothing ideological but pragmatic
1861-76- Piedmontisation
The south 1860s
Politicians had little understanding.
Unsuitable for unification under Piedmontese leadership.
1859- law introduced that stated 2 years of education was compulsory however most were illierate and the peasants needs wre never met.
Introduce taxes to repay debt but provoked the Brigands War.
Cavour’s successer
Ricasoli:
- crucial role in integrating Tuscany into Piedmont by organising a plebscite in 1860.
- as Pm (1861-2) he worked on stregthening united Italy through a series of reforms; admitted G’s voluntary army into regular one, revoked Mazzini’s exile and attempted to restore Church relations (tried to conciliate with the Vatican to restore Church property of supressed religious orders in exchange for payment) which proved unsuccessful.
Lacked parliamentary experience.
Ratazzi
- served as Pm in 1862 and 1867 and was a key supporter of a consitutional monarchy and centralisation.
- he handled G’s conquests controversially, arrested him in 1862 at Aspromonte. This upheld Italy’s agreement with France to leave the Papal states alone but angered Italian antionalists which weakened his political standing.
Garibaldi:
- 1862- set up the society for the emancipation, rallied Sicilians and sailed to the mainland.
- important figurehead.
However, new Italian government was unstable due to the sheer amount of different governments within a short time frame 12 govts between 62-91.
Other opposition:
Church- lost 2/3rd of land, Catholic Church refused to recognise the state’s existence, Cavour persuaded them to give up temporal power.
The issue of venice
Solved by direct, diplomacy and war means.
Napleon and Bismarck where the architects of change.
Bismark wanted domination of Germany.
Napoleon promised neutrality when they met at biarrtiz.
Napoleon helped to broker an alliance between bismark and italy.
The war of 1866 (1st Prussia war)
Third war of independance.
Battle of Custozza- Italians defeated by a smaller Austrian army because of poor leadership.
Fought by Austria and Allied Italy with Prussia.
Showcased strength of the ITALIAN ARMY numerically - 200 000 men, Garibaldi’s voluntary army made up 20 000 of these numbers.
High number of casualities between 9 000-11 000 (war lasted a month ish).
Treaty of Vienna 1866- forced Austria to recognise Italy as a legitimate state ALSO agreed to cede Venetia to Napoleon which would be granted to Italy (annexed through a later plebscite)
They won by leveraging Prussia’s victory at the Battle of Sadowa.
Who deserved the credit?
Italians, alliance with prussia secured venetia.
Others, napoleon signed the treaty to ensure venetia was given to italy.
Venetia summary
Venice are apprehensive about unification, previously under the control od the Hapsberg empire.
There were no venetian uprisings during the war,
War humiliation 1866
Battle of Custoza 1866
Inexperience resulted in a humbling defeat
Battle of Lissa 1866
Spurred by Prussia’s demands for government action, under pressure Persano decided to capture Lissa.
Italians rejected Austria’s offer of claiming to be neutral in exchange for venetia because they wanted to fight a war.
The Italian army were unimpressive and made slow advances.
They waged war at sea because they invested massively into the navy their boats were defeated and they were joked about “boats of iron men of wood”.
The navy bickered.
The battle of lissa symbolised the failure of unification.
However, Italy still gained Venetia due to Prussia’s victory on land.
The Venetian Plebiscite- October 1866
Plebscites successful in the election.
The election, however, was rigged by officials so it does not show enthusiasm for unification.
- a mere 0.01% (69 out of 642 000 ballots) voted against annexation
- voting urns were kept separate
- armed soldiers outside = intimidation tactics
- Kept a list of those who voted ‘no’ = further intimidation, swaying the votes.
- many ‘no’ votes were destroyed
- Sermons were given which preached the benefit of unification
Venetia after unification
Italy was bankrupt.
Sunk into economic decay with mass emigration into the new world.
Decline of the Church
The papacys loosening grip on temporarl power was inevitable, 1831 rev was imporant for the decline in papal power.
The actions of the papal troops prepared for the 1848 revs and the extinction of papal power.
The allocution marked the end of dreams of any moderates and others that the Pope would lead Italy.
Pius IX’s motives where to strenghten the papcys popularity and power (temporal and spiritual)
The syllabus of errors 1864 and the doctrine of papal infallibility 1870
It condemns a total of 80 propositions that the pope considered as errors or heresies.
8- All human reason is placed on a level with religion.
19- Church is the top power.
20- Cannot exercise authority without govt permission.
24- Church cannot use force.
73- Civil contract may exist between christians nd a real marriage.
80- Roman Pontiff ought to reconcile himself and come to terms with progress.
Doctrine of papal infallibility-
1870 Pius IX published the Doctrine of Papal infallibility which decreed that the Pope’s spiritual judgement on matters of faith and morals could not be challenged and he was the supreme judge of truth for the Church
why was the Doctrine of Papal Infallibility a problem for Italy?
three months after the Doctrine was published, the Pope excommunicated Victor Emmanuel and the entire Italian government in 1870. he also stated that any catholics who took part in Italian politics would be excommunicated. since the pope had told his followers that he could not be wrong, many Italians, who were devout Catholics, ceased to support their excommunicated leader
