18. CP Respiratory Control Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 18. CP Respiratory Control Deck (29)
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1
Q

What is the function of the Pre-Botzinger Complex?

A

“Central pattern generator”

Generates the timing (frequency) of the respiratory rhythm

This is the primary source of the respiratory rhythm, but not the only source

2
Q

Lesion to the Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG) causes what condition?

A

Apneusis (Inhalation without exhalation)

3
Q

What are the two big players in determining respiratory frequency?

A

Pre-Botzinger Complex

Pontine Respiratory Group

4
Q

What locations in the brainstem are big players in determining respiratory pattern (depth)?

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group

Ventral Respiratory Group

5
Q

What nerve is the major synapse target of the Dorsal Respiratory Group?

A

The phrenic nerve

6
Q

What is the function of the rostral part of the Ventral Respiratory Group?

A

Activating the muscles of inspiration - somewhat the diaphragm through the phrenic, but moreso the other muscles of inspiration

7
Q

What is the function of the caudal portion of the ventral respiratory group?

A

Activates muscles of expiration

8
Q

Which of the breathing locations in the brain stem are located in the pons, and which are located in the medulla?

A

The pontine respiratory group is located in the pons

All others (DRG, VRG, Pre-Botzinger) are located in the medulla

9
Q

What is the primary function of the pontine respiratory group?

A

Turning off inspiration

10
Q

Apneusis comes from pontine damage. What region of the brain would need to be damaged to result in apnea?

A

Medulla (or the Spinal Cord)

11
Q

Do chemoreceptors fire faster or slower as a result of increased O2?

A

Slower

12
Q

What can the central chemoreceptors respond to?

Why only this?

A

H+ (from H2CO3 - CO2 in the CSF)

Because CO2 can cross the blood brain barrier.

13
Q

What neurotransmitter should we associate with the carotid body?

A

Dopamine

(Don’t worry about why, she just said to associate the two)

14
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

In the carotid body and the aortic arch

(The aortic arch is a backup)

15
Q

What are the peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A

CO2 (directly, unlike the central)

O2

H+ (same as central)

16
Q

What do the slowly adapting stretch receptors respond to?

A

Tidal volume

17
Q

When are the slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors most useful?

A

In infants who are just learning to breathe

Adults doing exercise

18
Q

What is the function of the rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors?

A

Protect the airways by responding to irritation and eliciting cough.

19
Q

What nerve do the rapid and slow stretch receptors of the lungs use to communicate to the brain?

A

Vagus nerve

20
Q

What is the function of the juxtacapillary (J) receptors?

A

They are sensitive to pulmonary edema, and cause cough and tachypnea.

21
Q

What can override the medullary centers?

A

Cortical influence

22
Q

Slowly Adapting PSRs

Location

stimulus

effect

role

A

airways

stretch of lung

inhibit inspir/promote expir.

every breath in infants, exercise/high Vt in adults

23
Q

Rapidly Adapting PSRs

location

stimulus

effect

role

A

location: airways
stimulus: irritants
effect: cough to clear airway
role: protective (not every breath)

24
Q

J receptors

location

stimulus

effect

role

A

near capillaries in alveoli

pulmonary edema

cough/tachypnea

protective (not every breath)

25
Q

What two types of stretch receptors override normal control systems and are important for survival?

A

Rapidly adapting PSR and J receptors

26
Q

Central chemoreceptors

location

sensitive to

influence

effects

A

ventral brainstem

pH (direct), CO2 (indirect)

respiratory drive or drive to breath

increase resp. rate/depth in response to hypercapnia

27
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

location

sensitive to

influence

effects

A

aortic arch and carotid body

O2, CO2, H (directly)

acute changes in blood gases

increase resp. rate/depth in response to hypercapnia, hypoxia or acidosis

28
Q

central chemoreceptors are sensitive to H ions. does that H cross the BBB or not?

A

No. That H ion comes from the reaction of CO2 and water with carbonic anhydrase to make H and HCO3

this causes the “drive to breath” to help you breath regularly.

29
Q

Which nuclei is each respiratory group assx with?

DRG

VRG

PRG

Botzinger

Pre-Botzinger

A

DRG: NTS

VRG: Nucleus Ambiguus

PRG: parabrachial

Botzinger: retrofacial

Pre-Botzinger: b/t VRG and Botzinger (generates rhythm)